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Basic Vocabulary Database

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Language: Proto-Polynesian

Resources:

• Ethnologue/World Atlas of Language Structures Information is not available
•  [Suggest a resource]

Change History:

Showing all of 35 entries

• Source: (Word 202) - Simon Greenhill (2023-01-10 23:02:45)
• Changed from "*pefu" (Word 11) - Mary Walworth (2016-08-24 14:42:12)
• Updated Language Details - Simon Greenhill (2016-07-11 11:40:19)
• Changed from "*taha ‘one’" (Word 190) - Simon Greenhill (2010-03-05 02:27:32)
• Changed from "*faa-riki ‘narrow’" (Word 158) - Simon Greenhill (2010-03-05 02:17:07)
• Changed from "*tala ‘(v.) " (Word 64) - Simon Greenhill (2010-02-25 13:09:28)
• Updated Language Details - Simon Greenhill (2010-01-04 22:13:27)
• Updated Language Details - Simon Greenhill (2010-01-04 22:12:55)
• Changed #169839 from "*maa, [*maqaa CHECK] ", "ashamed", "", "" (Word 65535) - Russell Gray (2009-12-29 04:51:10)
• Changed #169841 from "*foqou <", "", "", "" (Word 65535) - Russell Gray (2009-12-29 04:51:10)
• Changed "notes" from "From: PROTO OCEANIC AND PROTO POLYNESIAN RECONSTRUCTIONS FOR MODIFIED SWADESH 200 MEANING LIST, WITHOUT SUPPORTING COGNATE SETS. Unpublished list, dated 9.8.09. Author: Andrew Pawley. " - Russell Gray (2009-12-29 04:48:04)
• Changed #169740 from "*tama ‘child, son’", "‘child, son’PPn *tamaqiti, poss. singular,", "", "" (Word 65535) - Russell Gray (2009-12-29 04:48:04)
• Changed #169741 from "*qasawana ‘wife’", "‘wife’", "", "" (Word 65535) - Russell Gray (2009-12-29 04:48:04)
• Changed #169749 from "*tui, *tuitui, *suki ‘to pierce, to sew’ ", "PPn continues POC *tuRi as *tui in the sense of thread string through fish or other objects but also has a reduplicated form *tuitui meaning ‘to sew’", "", "" (Word 65535) - Russell Gray (2009-12-29 04:48:04)
• Changed #169757 from "*waku ‘to scratch’", "", "", "" (Word 65535) - Russell Gray (2009-12-29 04:48:04)
• Changed #169790 from "*pala ‘rotten, as overripe fruit or tubers’ ", "‘rotten, as overripe fruit or tubers’", "", "" (Word 65535) - Russell Gray (2009-12-29 04:48:04)
• Changed #169800 from "*faka-ranu *(v.) ", "'to wash s.t. in fresh water’", "", "" (Word 65535) - Russell Gray (2009-12-29 04:48:04)
• Changed #169812 from " *mana ‘thunder, supernatural force’", " ‘thunder, supernatural force’", "", "" (Word 65535) - Russell Gray (2009-12-29 04:48:04)
• Changed #169848 from "Motu huni-a ", "", "", "" (Word 65535) - Russell Gray (2009-12-29 04:48:04)
• Changed #169689 from "*sema", "*sema has reflexes in EPn as well as Tongic and NPn, so must be reconstructed alongside *maui.", "", "" (Word 65535) - Russell Gray (2009-12-29 04:38:29)
• Changed #169708 from "mataku ", "", "", "" (Word 65535) - Russell Gray (2009-12-29 03:33:52)
• Changed #169710 from "*qulu ", "(b) POc *bwatu", "", "" (Word 65535) - Russell Gray (2009-12-29 03:33:52)
• Changed #169762 from "? *putu, *mata putu", "", "", "" (Word 65535) - Russell Gray (2009-12-29 03:33:52)
• Changed #169829 from "? * mata", "", "", "" (Word 65535) - Russell Gray (2009-12-29 03:33:52)
• Changed #169701 from "‘bad, of improper conduct, unseemly, forbidden’ ", "Check Geraghty 1984, who posits PCP *manawa", "", "" (Word 65535) - Russell Gray (2009-12-29 03:23:43)
• Changed "language" from " Proto-Polynesian" - Russell Gray (2009-12-29 03:13:29)
• Updated Language Details - Russell Gray (2009-12-29 03:08:25)
• Changed "language" from " PPN RECONSTRUCTIONS FOR SWADESH 200 WORDLIST, MODIFIED FOR OCEA" - Russell Gray (2009-12-29 03:06:28)
• Changed "author" from "A Pawley (9.8.09)" - Russell Gray (2009-12-29 03:06:28)
• Changed "notes" from "" - Russell Gray (2009-12-29 03:06:28)
• Changed #169760 from "*fasi (Vtr), *isi, *faa, *ma-faa (Vst),*fola,*ma-fola ", "(a)‘split s.t., cleave s.t.’(b)split, cut lengthwise, tear off in long strips’(c)‘burst, split open’(d)‘burst, split open’ ", "", "" (Word 65535) - Russell Gray (2009-12-29 03:06:28)
• Changed #169761 from "*ŋata ", "‘sharp’(as knife) ", "", "" (Word 65535) - Russell Gray (2009-12-29 03:06:28)
• Changed #169815 from "*pupusi", "(with the breath) (no to) ", "", "" (Word 65535) - Russell Gray (2009-12-29 03:06:28)
• Changed #169850 from "*(i) loto ", "PPn shows replacement. PPn has *lalo ‘under, below’ with semantic shift.(hand) ", "", "" (Word 65535) - Russell Gray (2009-12-29 03:06:28)
• Language Added - Russell Gray (2009-12-29 02:56:44)

Entries:

ID:	Word:	Item:	Annotation:	Cognacy:	Loan:
1	hand	*lima		1, 64
2	left	*sema	*sema has reflexes in EPn as well as Tongic and NPn.	11
2	left	*maui	*maui Outlier isogloss	1, 59
3	right	*sako	'straight, erect'	x
4	leg/foot	*waqe		1, 100
5	to walk	*fano	(a) 'go, move'	2
5	to walk	*saqele	(b) 'walk, go'	6
5	to walk	*qalu	(c) 1. 'go' 2. 'follow'	34
5	to walk	*roo	(d) 'go (pl. subject)' (suppletive plural of fano 'go, sing. sub.)
6	road/path	*hala		1
7	to come	? fano mai	PPn shows a possible replacement innovation.	1, 23
8	to turn	*fuli	Possible replacement in PPn	15
9	to swim	*kaukau	is this really reduplicated? not *kau	5
10	dirty	*kelekele	This is reconstructed for 'black' or 'dark', not for 'dirty' -MW	10
11	dust	*efu		1
12	skin	*kili		1
13	back	*tuqa		11
14	belly	*manawa	'belly, stomach', check Geraghty 1984, who posits PCP *manawa	9
15	bone	*hui		52
16	intestines
17	liver	*qate		1
18	breast	*susu or *huhu	also milk	1
19	shoulder	*uma	PPn shows lexical replacement	10
20	to know, be knowledgeable	*qiloa		13
21	to think	*manatu	PPn shows lexical replacement	7
22	to fear	*mataku		1
23	blood	*toto	PPn shows lexical replacement. POc *toto 'sap of plants' is reconstructable	4
24	head	*qulu		1
25	neck	*ua		18
26	hair	*lau-qulu <		40
27	nose	*isu		1
28	to breathe	*maanawa		1
29	to sniff, smell
30	mouth	*ŋutu	'mouth, beak'	2
31	tooth	*nifo		1
32	tongue	*qalelo	Lexical replacement in PPn	15
33	to laugh	*kata	PPn shows a replacement innovation.	7
34	to cry
35	to vomit	*lua		8
35	to vomit	*lua-qi		8, 31
36	to spit	*qanu		14, 84, 121
36	to spit	*qanu-si		14, 84
37	to eat	*kai		1, 47
38	to chew	*mama		1
39	to cook	*saka		2
40	to drink	*inu		1
41	to bite	*uqu-ti	Pn: Ton, Niu, Sam, EFu, EUv, Tik, Pil, Ren
42	to suck	*miti		8
42	to suck	*susu	(b) 'suck the breast'	25
43	ear	*taliŋa		1
44	to hear	*roŋo		1
45	eye	*mata		1
46	to see	*kite		1
47	to yawn	*mawawa		19
48	to sleep	*mohe	PCP shows a replacement innovation, reflected by Fijian moce, mose, Rotuman mose, PPn *mohe. PCP *mo(c,s)e has probable antecedents in POc but shows semantic shift.	10, 109
49	to lie down	*takoto		7, 10
50	to dream	*miti		36
50	to dream	*mohe-miti		7, 36
51	to sit	*nofo		16
52	to stand	*tuqu		2
53	person/human being	*taŋata		1, 66, 97
54	man/male	*taqane	PPn shows irregular loss of PCP ŋw.	1, 11
55	woman/female	*fafine		1, 106
56	child	*tama	'child, son' PPn *tamaqiti, poss. singular,	6
57	husband
58	wife	*qasawana	'wife'	1
59	mother	*tinana		1
60	father	*tamana		1
61	house	*fale	PPn shows lexical replacement	14
62	thatch/roof
63	name	*hiŋoa	PPn shows lexical replacement	6
64	to say	*tala	(to speak) tell, relate, (n.) talk, message'	60
65	rope	*taula	PMic *tali 'rope',Pn: Niu toua 'rope', EFu, Nuk taula, Ren tauga, PCEPn *taura 'rope', (b)	9
66	to tie up, fasten	*faqu-si		11
67	to sew	*tuitui	PPn continues POC *tuRi as *tui in the sense of thread string through fish or other objects but also has a reduplicated form *tuitui meaning 'to sew'	13, 16
67	to sew	*suki	PPn continues POC *tuRi as *tui in the sense of thread string through fish or other objects but also has a reduplicated form *tuitui meaning 'to sew'	17
67	to sew	*tui		13, 16
68	needle	*sika	'net needle'	9
69	to hunt	*tuli-manu		8
70	to shoot
71	to stab, pierce	*suki	(or stick) 'pierce'	1, 8
72	to hit	*tuki	(a) to pound	8
72	to hit	*paki	(b) to slap	6
73	to steal	*kai(h,s)aqa		7
74	to kill	*faka-mate		2
74	to kill	*ta-mate-		2
75	to die, be dead	*mate		1
76	to live, be alive
77	to scratch	*waku	sure? not *laku?-MW	9
78	to cut, hack	*kai(h,s)aqa
79	stick/wood	*suki	'pierce'to stab (or stick, no one to one match)	x
80	to split	*fasi	(a) split s.t., cleave s.t.	4
80	to split	*isi	(b) split, cut lengthwise, tear off in long strips	7
80	to split	*faa	(c) burst, split open	5
80	to split	*ma-faa	(d) burst, split open	5, 72
80	to split	*ma-fola	(e) be split open	1
80	to split	*fola	(e) be split open	1
81	sharp	*ŋata	'sharp'(as knife)	36
82	dull, blunt	*mata putu		1
82	dull, blunt	*paku		61
82	dull, blunt	*pengu		12
82	dull, blunt	*penu		12
82	dull, blunt	?*putu	For PMP Blust (1993) gives both *dumpul and *pudul. From the latter he derives POc *(b,p)urul. From the former one would expect POc *ru(b,p)ul. There is no standout candidate for PPn or PCP. Geraghty 1983 proposes PEOc *pusuki.	1
83	to work	*quma		1
84	to plant	*too	PPn shows lexical replacement.	4
85	to choose	*fili		1
86	to grow	*tupu		1
87	to swell	*fufula		7
88	to squeeze	*kumi	(a)'massage'	14
88	to squeeze	*foo	(b) 'squeeze flesh or clothes, as in washing'	8, 2
88	to squeeze	*fofoo	(b) 'squeeze flesh or clothes, as in washing'	8, 2
89	to hold
90	to dig	*keli		1
91	to buy	*fakatau mai	PPn shows lexical replacement	9
92	to open, uncover	*tatala	(a door, container)	10
93	to pound, beat	*tuki		2
94	to throw	*lii	'cast (as line, swing and throw, toss)'	79
94	to throw	*liaki	'cast (as line, swing and throw, toss)'	79, 127
95	to fall	*too	'to fall, drop'	14
96	dog
97	bird	*manu	(+ *lele 'to fly')	1
98	egg
99	feather	*fulu-fulu		1
100	wing	*kapakau		1, 59
101	to fly	*lele	PPn loses POc form.	11
102	rat	*kumaa		13
103	meat/flesh	*kanofi	'flesh of animal or coconut, kernel or hard core'	14
104	fat/grease	*momona	'rich fatty flesh,	1, 65
105	tail	*hiku	(of fish)	13
106	snake	*ŋata		12
107	worm (earthworm)	*kelemutu		9
108	louse	*kutu		1
109	mosquito	*namu		1
110	spider	*puŋa-lewelewe		1, 57
111	fish	*ika		1
112	rotten	*pala	'rotten, as overripe fruit or tubers'	13
113	branch	*laqa(-laqa)	'small branch(es)'	1
114	leaf	*lau (qi raqakau)		1
115	root	*aka		2
116	flower	*fuŋa		72
117	fruit	*fua	(qi ra?akau)	1
118	grass	*mutia	grass (generic)	13
118	grass	*mouku		58
118	grass	*mutie	grass (generic)	13
119	earth/soil	*kele		10
120	stone	*maka		4
121	sand	*qone		1
122	water	*faka-ranu	*(v.) 'to wash s.t. in fresh water'
123	to flow	*sali	as a stream'flow (?in a small stream), trickle'	24
124	sea	*wasa	If not a diffusion in Fiji-W. Polynesia area. (open) sea	12
125	salt	*masima		3
126	lake	*loto		6
127	woods/forest	*wao	'bush, forest, land that is uncultivated and uninhabited'	14
128	sky	*laŋi		1
129	moon	*marama	'moon, moonlight'	7
130	star	*fetuqu		1
131	cloud	*qao	Probable lexical replacement in PCP/PPn.	12
132	fog	*kofu		1, 47
133	rain	*quha	(noun)	1
134	thunder	*mana	'thunder, supernatural force'	37
135	lightning	*quhila		2
136	wind	*mataŋi		1, 66
137	to blow	*pupusi	(with the breath) (no to)	6
138	warm	*mafana		1, 72
138	warm	*mafana-fana		1, 72
139	cold	*makalili		1, 52
140	dry	*matuqu		66
141	wet	*suu	(Vst) 'watery, wet'	11
142	heavy	*ma-mafa	(b)PEPn *taumafa, *taimafa	46
143	fire	*afi		1
144	to burn	*wela-tia ‘burnt’	be alight	63
145	smoke	*qahu		2
145	smoke	*qahu-afi		2
146	ash	*refu	(-refu) (ashes)	67
147	black	*quli(-quli)	PPn shows a replacement innovation.	7
148	white	*tea		8
149	red	*kula		13
150	yellow	*reŋareŋa,*felo(-felo)	'yellow' (also 'turmeric'),'yellowish, reddish yellow'	10, 11
151	green	? * mata	Possibly no primary colour term 'green' in POc.	1
152	small	*qiti		1
153	big	*lasi	PPn show a replacement innovation.	12
154	short	*pukupuku		3
155	long	*loa		12, 105
156	thin	*manifinifi	(as cloth)	1
157	thick	*matolutolu		3
158	narrow	*faa-riki	'narrow'	84
159	wide	*faa-lasi	wide
159	wide	*lau-lasi	wide	73, 9
159	wide	*lau-efa	wide	73, 48
160	painful, sick	*mamahi	(a) painful	10
160	painful, sick	*masaki	(b) sick	1
161	shy, ashamed	*maqaa	ashamed (?)	1
161	shy, ashamed	*maa	ashamed	1
162	old	tuai	(1) 'old, of times, (2) late	48
163	new	*foqou		1
164	good	*malie	'nice, pleasant'	16
165	bad, evil	*saqa	?'bad, of improper conduct, unseemly, forbidden'	1
166	correct, true
167	night	*poo		1
168	day	*raqani		6
169	year	*taqu		1
170	when?	*ŋaiSa		1
171	to hide	*funi	PT: Motu huni-a 'to hide'	1
172	to climb	*kake	PPn shows lexical replacement	32
173	at
174	in, inside	*(i) loto	PPn shows replacement. PPn has *lalo 'under, below' with semantic shift.(hand)	5
175	above	*i luŋa	PPn shows lexical replacement.	9
176	below	*lalo	PPn shows a replacement innovation. Probably a semantic shift, as suggested by PMic *lalo 'deep'	8
177	this	*eni		1
178	that	*era	(distant)	65
179	near	*tata		9
180	far	*mamaqo	PPn shows lexical replacement.	13
181	where?	*fea		3, 35
182	I	*au	(indep.)	1, 21
183	thou	*koe		1
184	he/she	*ia	he (indep.)	1
185	we	*kima-tou	(excl pl)	2, 39
186	you
187	they	*kila-tou	(where –tou is from *-tolu 'paucal')	1, 19
187	they	*la-tou	(where –tou is from *-tolu 'paucal')	1, 72
188	what?	*hafa		1
188	what?	*haa		1
189	who?	*hai		1
190	other	*taha
191	all	*katoa	PPn shows a lexical replacement	13
192	and
193	if	*rano
194	how?	*pe(he)fea	PPn shows lexical replacement.	11
195	no, not	*qikai		10, 83
196	to count	*tau		8
197	One	*taha		41
198	Two	*rua		1
199	Three	*tolu		1
200	Four	*faa		1, 66
201	Five	*lima		1
202	Six	*ono
203	Seven
204	Eight
205	Nine
206	Ten
207	Twenty
208	Fifty
209	One Hundred
210	One Thousand

© 2003-2025: Simon J. Greenhill , Robert Blust, & Russell Gray. (0.00849)

Please cite: Greenhill, S.J., Blust. R, & Gray, R.D. (2008). The Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database: From Bioinformatics to Lexomics. Evolutionary Bioinformatics, 4:271-283.

Max Planck EVA Imprint/Impressum.