ID: |
Word: |
Item: |
Annotation: |
Cognacy: |
Loan: |
1 |
hand |
nima |
Loan from Tongan (Pawley 2010) |
1, 64 |
L |
2 |
left |
hema |
Left (Btn) |
11 |
|
3 |
right |
mata'u |
Right (not left) |
5, 13 |
|
4 |
leg/foot |
va'e |
Leg |
1, 100 |
|
5 |
to walk |
ha'ele |
Go on foot (Rch) |
6 |
|
5 |
to walk |
haaere |
Go on foot (pl.) (Rch) |
6 |
|
6 |
road/path |
kauala |
Bords d'un chemin (Btn) |
1 |
|
6 |
road/path |
ala |
Road, path |
1 |
|
7 |
to come |
a'u |
Parvenir ..., arriver |
44 |
|
8 |
to turn
|
fulihi |
turn aside |
15 |
|
9 |
to swim |
kakau |
Swim |
5 |
|
9 |
to swim |
kau |
Swim (Btn) |
5 |
|
10 |
dirty |
kelekele |
Dirty |
10 |
|
10 |
dirty |
liko |
Dirty (Btn); This is actually a very relevant item that has cognates in other PN languages that just are not represented in this list. - MW |
|
|
10 |
dirty |
palapala |
Wet (as soiled clothing) |
7 |
|
11 |
dust |
efu |
Poussier, boue seche |
1 |
|
12 |
skin |
kili |
|
1 |
|
13 |
back
|
tu'a |
Pollex 06: Tu`a. :Back. |
11 |
|
14 |
belly |
kona |
Lower abdomen (Btn) |
8 |
|
14 |
belly |
manava |
Belly, stomach |
9 |
|
14 |
belly |
àlo |
Stomach (of chief) |
10 |
|
15 |
bone |
hui |
L from Tongan (Marck 1999) PPN *h > ∅ |
52 |
L |
16 |
intestines |
gaakau |
Intestin, boyaux, entrailles, tripes (Rch) |
12 |
|
17 |
liver |
àte |
Foie (Rch) |
1 |
|
18 |
breast |
huhu |
L from Tongan (likely) |
1 |
L |
19 |
shoulder |
uma |
Epaule (Btn) |
10 |
|
19 |
shoulder |
'uma |
Epaule (Rch) |
10 |
|
20 |
to know, be knowledgeable |
ìloa |
Be known |
13 |
|
20 |
to know, be knowledgeable |
mahani |
Habituee, accoutume (Btn) |
14 |
|
20 |
to know, be knowledgeable |
popoto |
Sage, adroit, savant (Btn) |
15 |
|
21 |
to think |
mahalo |
To think |
8 |
|
21 |
to think |
manatu |
Souvenir, pensee, memoire (Rch) |
9 |
|
22 |
to fear |
mataku |
Afraid, fear |
1 |
|
23 |
blood |
toto |
Blood |
4 |
|
24 |
head |
'ulu |
Head |
1 |
|
25 |
neck |
uà |
Neck, throat |
18 |
|
25 |
neck |
kia |
L from Tongan |
20 |
L |
26 |
hair
|
fulu |
Longs cheveux (Btn) |
31 |
|
26 |
hair
|
lau ulu |
Longs cheveux (Btn) |
40 |
|
27 |
nose |
ihu |
Nose |
1 |
|
28 |
to breathe |
gaàgaà |
Oppresse, ensouffle, hors de haleine (Rch) |
10 |
|
28 |
to breathe |
maanava |
Breath, breathe |
1 |
|
29 |
to sniff, smell |
hogi |
Smell |
9 |
|
30 |
mouth |
mutu (?) |
|
2 |
|
31 |
tooth |
nifo |
Tooth |
1 |
|
32 |
tongue |
àlelo |
Tongue |
15 |
|
33 |
to laugh |
kata |
Laugh |
7 |
|
34 |
to cry |
tagi |
Pleurer, se lamenter |
1 |
|
35 |
to vomit |
lu(lu)a |
Vomit |
8 |
|
35 |
to vomit |
puàki |
Spit out |
1, 32 |
|
36 |
to spit |
kisu |
L from East Futunan |
14, 56 |
L |
36 |
to spit |
puàki |
Spit out |
16 |
|
36 |
to spit |
aanu |
Cracher (Btn) |
14, 84, 121 |
|
36 |
to spit |
anu |
|
14, 84, 121 |
|
37 |
to eat |
kai |
Food, eat |
1, 47 |
|
37 |
to eat |
'omaki |
Boire en mangeant (Rch) |
x |
|
38 |
to chew
|
lamu |
Pollex 06: Lamu. :Chew. |
7 |
|
38 |
to chew
|
mama |
Pollex 06: Mama. :Chew. |
1 |
|
39 |
to cook
|
haka |
Faire bouillir dans un vase, faire fondre (Btn) |
2 |
|
39 |
to cook
|
ta'o |
Mettre au four indigine ('umu), cuire, faire cuire |
10 |
|
40 |
to drink |
inu |
|
1 |
|
41 |
to bite |
u'u |
Mordre (Btn) |
8 |
|
42 |
to suck |
misimisi |
Sucer (Ren) |
8 |
|
42 |
to suck |
mihi |
Sucer (Ren) [<] |
8 |
|
42 |
to suck |
momi |
Manger sans dents, sucer |
71 |
|
43 |
ear |
taliga |
Ear (Bgs) |
1 |
|
44 |
to hear |
fanogo |
Ecouter |
1, 59 |
|
44 |
to hear |
fagono |
Ecouter |
1, 59 |
|
44 |
to hear |
logo |
To hear, news |
1 |
|
45 |
eye |
mata |
|
1 |
|
46 |
to see |
sio |
L from Tongan (Biggs 1980) |
132 |
L |
47 |
to yawn |
mamaao |
Bíiller, fumer; s'evaporer (Btn) [<] |
19, 28 |
|
48 |
to sleep |
moe |
Sleep |
10, 109 |
|
49 |
to lie down
|
takoto |
(on side) |
7, 10 |
|
50 |
to dream |
misi |
Dream |
36 |
|
51 |
to sit |
nofo |
Sit |
16 |
|
52 |
to stand |
tu'u |
|
2 |
|
53 |
person/human being |
tagata |
Man |
1, 66, 97 |
|
54 |
man/male |
taàne |
Male |
1, 11 |
|
55 |
woman/female |
fafine |
Woman |
1, 106 |
|
55 |
woman/female |
fafine |
Woman |
1, 106 |
|
56 |
child |
tamaliki |
Children (Rch) |
6, 63 |
|
56 |
child |
tamasiì |
L from Tongan |
6, 103 |
L |
56 |
child |
tamasiì |
L from Tongan |
6, 103 |
L |
57 |
husband |
|
|
|
|
58 |
wife |
fine matuà |
Old woman |
5, 9 |
|
59 |
mother |
fa'e |
Mere, tante (Btn) |
6 |
|
60 |
father |
tamai |
L from Tongan |
1, 52 |
L |
61 |
house |
fale |
House |
14 |
|
62 |
thatch/roof |
àto |
Toit (Rch) |
1 |
|
63 |
name |
higoa |
L from Tongan |
6 |
L |
64 |
to say |
|
|
|
|
65 |
rope |
maea |
Corde, cable Btn) |
10 |
|
65 |
rope |
taula |
Ancre, cable (Btn) |
9 |
|
66 |
to tie up, fasten |
lii |
Bind, tie, coil, wrap around |
14 |
|
67 |
to sew
|
tui |
Sew |
13, 16 |
|
68 |
needle |
hau |
L from Tongan (Biggs 1980) PPN *h > ∅ |
1 |
L |
68 |
needle |
hika |
Net-needle |
9 |
|
69 |
to hunt
|
|
|
|
|
70 |
to shoot
|
fana |
Shoot |
1 |
|
71 |
to stab, pierce |
hoka |
Stab, pierce |
67 |
|
71 |
to stab, pierce |
huki |
Pierce, spit |
1, 8 |
|
72 |
to hit
|
paa |
Touch, strike |
13 |
|
72 |
to hit
|
paki |
Paaki-a |
6 |
|
72 |
to hit
|
haha |
Battre, flageller (Btn) |
12 |
|
72 |
to hit
|
taa |
Battre, frapper (Btn) |
10 |
|
72 |
to hit
|
tuki |
Strike, beat |
8 |
|
73 |
to steal |
kaiha'a |
L from Tongan |
7 |
L |
74 |
to kill |
tamatei |
|
2 |
|
75 |
to die, be dead |
mate |
Die, dead |
1 |
|
76 |
to live, be alive |
ola |
Life, be alive (Btn) |
6 |
|
76 |
to live, be alive |
ma'uli |
Life, alive, soul |
1, 76 |
|
77 |
to scratch
|
alasi |
To scratch B. [<] |
x |
|
78 |
to cut, hack
|
fahi |
Fendre |
13 |
|
78 |
to cut, hack
|
ihi |
Fendre, couper (Btn) |
10 |
|
78 |
to cut, hack
|
kamu |
Couper, rogner, raccourcir.(Rch) |
15 |
|
78 |
to cut, hack
|
hele |
Knife, cut |
16 |
|
78 |
to cut, hack
|
tu'u |
To cut (Btn) |
17 |
|
79 |
stick/wood |
laàkau |
A kind of club |
1, 26 |
|
79 |
stick/wood |
àkau |
L from Tongan |
1, 26 |
L |
80 |
to split
|
ta'aga |
|
|
|
81 |
sharp |
maasila |
L from Tongan |
2 |
L |
82 |
dull, blunt |
|
|
|
|
83 |
to work
|
ngaaue |
L from Tongan |
11 |
L |
83 |
to work
|
galue |
Travail (arch.) (Rch) |
11 |
|
83 |
to work
|
gaaue |
L from Tongan |
11 |
L |
84 |
to plant |
too |
Planter (Rch) |
4 |
|
85 |
to choose |
fili |
Select, choose |
1 |
|
86 |
to grow
|
homo |
Sortir de terre (Btn) |
7 |
|
86 |
to grow
|
tupu |
Naissance, croissance; naitre, croitre, germer (Rch) |
1 |
|
87 |
to swell
|
fufula |
Enfle |
7 |
|
88 |
to squeeze
|
fota |
Palper, frotter avec les mains |
8, 2, 93 |
|
88 |
to squeeze
|
lolomi |
Press upon, massage |
10 |
|
89 |
to hold
|
kuku |
Grasp |
12 |
|
89 |
to hold
|
puke |
Saisir, prendre (Rch) |
13 |
|
89 |
to hold
|
hapo |
Catch a thrown object in the hands (Rch) |
15 |
|
89 |
to hold
|
tago |
Prendre, porte la main a (Btn) |
14 |
|
90 |
to dig |
keli |
Dig (Btn) |
1 |
|
90 |
to dig |
hue |
dig.(Rch) |
|
|
91 |
to buy |
|
|
|
|
92 |
to open, uncover |
faài |
Fendre, ouvrir, separer (Btn) |
9 |
|
93 |
to pound, beat
|
tuki |
Strike, beat |
2 |
|
94 |
to throw
|
pèehi |
Jeter a terre avec force B. (Btn) |
12 |
|
94 |
to throw
|
àtu |
Lancer, jeter (Rch) |
13 |
|
95 |
to fall
|
mokulu |
Tomber (Btn) B. [<] |
|
|
95 |
to fall
|
malele |
Accourir, se precipiter (Btn) |
12 |
|
95 |
to fall
|
higa |
To fall |
44 |
|
96 |
dog |
kulii |
Dog |
7 |
|
97 |
bird |
manu |
Animal, bete (Ren) |
1 |
|
97 |
bird |
manu lele |
Bird |
1 |
|
98 |
egg |
|
|
|
|
99 |
feather |
palaa |
Grande plume de paille en queue ou de coq (Btn) |
5 |
|
100 |
wing |
kapakau |
Wing |
1, 59 |
|
101 |
to fly |
lele |
Fly, run |
11 |
|
102 |
rat |
kuma |
Rat |
13 |
|
103 |
meat/flesh |
me'a kai |
|
|
|
104 |
fat/grease |
huni |
L from Tongan |
12 |
L |
105 |
tail |
hiku |
(of fish) |
13 |
|
106 |
snake |
|
|
|
|
107 |
worm (earthworm) |
kelemutu |
|
9 |
|
108 |
louse
|
kutu |
Louse |
1 |
|
108 |
louse
|
tuma |
Bodylouse |
3 |
|
109 |
mosquito |
namu |
Mosquito |
1 |
|
110 |
spider |
kaleveleve |
Araignee (Btn) |
1 |
|
110 |
spider |
kavelevele |
Araignee (Btn) |
1 |
|
111 |
fish |
ika |
Fish n |
1 |
|
112 |
rotten
|
pala |
Rotten, wet |
13 |
|
112 |
rotten
|
popo |
Gate, deteriore, pourri (Rch) |
14 |
|
113 |
branch
|
vaà |
L from Tongan |
65 |
L |
113 |
branch
|
àkau |
L from Tongan |
1, 4 |
L |
114 |
leaf |
lau |
Leaf |
1 |
|
115 |
root |
aka |
Root |
2 |
|
116 |
flower |
fisi |
Fleur |
8 |
|
117 |
fruit |
fua |
Fruit |
1 |
|
118 |
grass |
mohuku |
Herbe (Btn) B. [<] |
58 |
|
118 |
grass |
musie |
Pelouse, gazon, herbe trainante (Btn) |
13 |
|
119 |
earth/soil |
kele |
Earth |
10 |
|
119 |
earth/soil |
kelekele |
Dirty |
10 |
|
120 |
stone |
maka |
Pierre, rocher |
4 |
|
121 |
sand |
one |
Sand |
1 |
|
122 |
water
|
vai |
Water |
2 |
|
123 |
to flow |
hali |
Flow, fall (of water) |
24 |
|
123 |
to flow |
tafe |
Couler, s'ecouler; torrent (Btn) |
10 |
|
124 |
sea |
vaha |
Distance, haute mer, espace (Rch) |
12 |
|
125 |
salt |
tai |
(salt water) |
20 |
|
126 |
lake |
lano |
In names of lakes on the island (Bgs) |
1 |
|
126 |
lake |
ano |
L from Tongan |
1 |
L |
126 |
lake |
namo |
Lagoon; shallow area of the sea |
7 |
|
127 |
woods/forest |
ulu |
|
15 |
|
127 |
woods/forest |
vao |
|
14 |
|
128 |
sky |
lagi |
Sky |
1 |
|
129 |
moon |
maahina |
Moon |
37, 5 |
|
130 |
star |
fetu'u |
Etoile (Rch) |
1 |
|
131 |
cloud
|
ào |
Cloud |
12 |
|
132 |
fog |
kokofu |
|
1, 47 |
|
133 |
rain |
'ua |
Rain |
1 |
|
134 |
thunder |
faisisili |
Thunder (Btn) |
14 |
|
134 |
thunder |
mana |
|
37 |
|
134 |
thunder |
mana |
|
37 |
|
135 |
lightning |
'uhila |
L from Tongan (Pawley 2010; Biggs 1980) |
2 |
L |
136 |
wind |
matagi |
Vent, brise (Ren) |
1, 66 |
|
136 |
wind |
havili |
Brise, vent leger; venter, souffler (Rch) |
11 |
|
137 |
to blow
|
agi(agi) |
Blow continuously |
8 |
|
137 |
to blow
|
ifi |
Blow with mouth (Btn) |
5 |
|
137 |
to blow
|
pupuhi |
Souffler (Rch) |
6 |
|
137 |
to blow
|
havili |
Brise, vent leger; venter, souffler (Rch) |
11 |
|
138 |
warm
|
maafana |
Chaleur, chaud (Rch) |
1, 72 |
|
138 |
warm
|
mafana |
Warm |
1, 72 |
|
139 |
cold
|
makalili |
Chilly |
1, 52 |
|
139 |
cold
|
ànufea |
Froid (Rch) |
8 |
|
139 |
cold
|
ànufea |
Froid (Rch) |
8 |
|
140 |
dry
|
maha |
Empty, dry |
11 |
|
140 |
dry
|
malo |
Seche (Btn) |
13 |
|
141 |
wet |
palapala |
Pollex 06: Palapala. :Wet. |
38 |
|
142 |
heavy |
mamafa |
Heavy |
46 |
|
143 |
fire |
afi |
Feu (Rch) |
1 |
|
144 |
to burn
|
tutu |
Mettre le feu a (Rch) |
1, 6 |
|
144 |
to burn
|
kakaha |
L from Tongan (Biggs 1980) |
62 |
L |
145 |
smoke
|
àhu |
Likely L from Tongan |
2 |
L |
146 |
ash |
lefulefu |
Cendre (Rch) |
67 |
|
147 |
black |
'uli |
Black, dark |
7 |
|
148 |
white |
tea |
White |
8 |
|
149 |
red |
kula |
Pollex 06: Kula. Red. |
13 |
|
150 |
yellow |
legalega |
|
10 |
|
151 |
green |
moto |
Green, unripe |
1, 10 |
|
152 |
small |
siì |
Petit, un peu (Rch) B. [<] |
141 |
|
152 |
small |
pukupuku |
Short, small |
12 |
|
153 |
big |
lahi |
Large |
12 |
|
154 |
short
|
pukupuku |
Short, small |
3 |
|
155 |
long
|
loa |
Long |
12, 105 |
|
156 |
thin
|
manifi |
Thin |
1 |
|
156 |
thin
|
pakau(kau) |
Mince; fluet; grand maigre (Btn) |
6 |
|
156 |
thin
|
pakaukau |
Mince; fluet; grand maigre (Btn) |
6 |
|
156 |
thin
|
pakaupakau |
Mince; fluet; grand maigre (Btn) |
6 |
|
157 |
thick
|
maatolu |
Epais (Rch) |
3 |
|
158 |
narrow |
veliveli |
|
|
|
159 |
wide |
laulahi |
Largeur |
73, 9 |
|
160 |
painful, sick |
mahaki |
Sickness |
1 |
|
161 |
shy, ashamed |
luma |
Be ashamed |
4 |
|
161 |
shy, ashamed |
maa |
Feel ashamed (Btn) |
1 |
|
162 |
old
|
matua |
|
1 |
|
163 |
new |
fo'ou |
New |
1 |
|
164 |
good |
lelei |
Bien |
17 |
|
164 |
good |
maalie |
etre bien |
16 |
|
165 |
bad, evil |
kovi |
L from Tongan |
10 |
L |
166 |
correct, true |
tonu |
Droit, justice, exactitude (Rch) |
8 |
|
167 |
night |
poo |
Night (Btn) |
1 |
|
167 |
night |
poo'uli |
Nuit, tenebres, obscurite (Rch) B. [<] |
1, 10 |
|
168 |
day |
àho |
L from Tongan |
1, 54 |
L |
168 |
day |
àho |
DUP |
x |
|
169 |
year |
ta'u |
Year |
1 |
|
170 |
when?
|
afea |
When? (future) (Btn) |
5 |
|
171 |
to hide
|
mu(mu)ni |
Hide an object |
1, 67 |
|
172 |
to climb
|
kake |
Climb |
32 |
|
173 |
at |
ì |
Dans, en, sur (Rch) |
1 |
|
173 |
at |
tei |
Presque; sur le point de; quasi (Btn) [<] |
5 |
|
174 |
in, inside |
ì |
Dans, en, Ö, sur (Rch) |
x |
|
175 |
above |
'oluga |
Above (Rch) B. [<] |
9 |
|
175 |
above |
'oluga |
DUP |
9 |
|
176 |
below |
lalo |
Under, below |
8 |
|
177 |
this |
eni |
Pollex 06: <Eni. This (Ply) B.>. |
1 |
|
178 |
that |
kohee |
|
|
|
179 |
near |
tata |
Near |
9 |
|
180 |
far |
mama'o |
Distant, far off |
13 |
|
180 |
far |
tau mama'o |
Profond, eloigne, distant (Btn) |
1, 13 |
|
181 |
where?
|
fea |
Where? |
3, 35 |
|
182 |
I |
koau |
|
1, 21 |
|
183 |
thou |
kee |
Second person singular preposed subject pronoun (Bgs) |
5 |
|
183 |
thou |
kee |
Second person singular preposed subject pronoun (Bgs) |
5 |
|
183 |
thou |
koe |
You (Sing.) |
1 |
|
183 |
thou |
koe |
You (Sing.) |
1 |
|
184 |
he/she |
ia |
Third person singular personal pronoun |
1 |
|
185 |
we
|
maa |
First person dual exclusive preposed pronoun |
2 |
|
185 |
we
|
tou |
First person incl. plural incorporated pronoun (Btn) |
39 |
|
186 |
you |
kolua |
Second person dual pronoun, preposed form (Rch) |
x |
|
186 |
you |
kotou |
Short form of 2nd person plural pronoun (Rch) |
16 |
|
186 |
you |
koulua |
Second person dual pronoun, you (Ply) |
x |
|
186 |
you |
koutou |
Second person plural pronoun in nucleus of the phrase |
16 |
|
187 |
they |
naaua |
3P dual (L form Tongan) |
|
L |
188 |
what?
|
aa |
What?, why? |
84 |
|
189 |
who?
|
ai |
Who? |
1 |
|
190 |
other |
tahi |
|
7 |
|
191 |
all |
fulifuli |
All |
14 |
|
191 |
all |
katoa |
Tout, universel, complet |
13 |
|
192 |
and |
mo |
Et, avec (Rch) |
9 |
|
193 |
if |
|
|
|
|
194 |
how?
|
fefeai |
How? why? (Btn) |
11 |
|
194 |
how?
|
feafeaì |
How? [<] |
11 |
|
195 |
no, not |
hèe |
Sans (Rch) |
13 |
|
196 |
to count |
lau |
Compter, calculer |
62 |
|
196 |
to count |
lau |
Compter |
62 |
|
197 |
One
|
tahi |
One |
41 |
|
198 |
Two
|
lua |
Two |
1 |
|
199 |
Three
|
tolu |
Three |
1 |
|
200 |
Four
|
faa |
Four |
1, 66 |
|
201 |
Five
|
nima |
L from Tongan (Pawley 2010) |
1 |
L |
202 |
Six
|
ono |
|
1 |
|
203 |
Seven
|
fitu |
Seven.(Source: Pollex) |
1 |
|
204 |
Eight
|
valu |
Pollex 06: Valu. :Eight. |
3 |
|
205 |
Nine
|
hiva |
L from Tongan |
5 |
L |
206 |
Ten
|
hogofulu |
L from Tongan |
5 |
L |
207 |
Twenty
|
|
|
|
|
208 |
Fifty
|
|
|
|
|
209 |
One Hundred
|
teau |
L from Tongan |
2 |
L |
210 |
One Thousand
|
afe |
Thousand.(Source: Pollex) |
3 |
|