Language: Proto-Micronesian
Source/Author: | Bender et al. (2003a,b) |
Identifiers: | ISO-639-3: Glottocode: micr1243 |
Notes: | Bender, W.B., Goodenough, W.H., Jackson, F.H., Marck, J.C., Rehg, K.L., Sohn, H., Trussel, S. & Wang, J.W. (2003) Proto-Micronesian Reconstructions I & II. |
Data Entry: | Typed By: Simon Greenhill Checked By: |
Statistics: |
|
Classification: | Austronesian:Malayo-Polynesian:Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian:Eastern Malayo-Polynesian:Oceanic:Central-Eastern Oceanic:Remote Oceanic:Micronesian |
Map | Sorry, no map co-ordinates found for this language. |
Resources:
Change History:
Showing 3 of 19 entries. Show ALL logged changes
- Updated Language Details - Simon Greenhill (2016-07-11 11:40:49)
- Source: Bender et al 2003 (Word 124) - Simon Greenhill (2010-03-05 01:44:07)
- Changed from "*maSawa" (Word 124) - Simon Greenhill (2010-03-05 01:41:57)
Entries:
ID: |
Word: |
Item: |
Annotation: |
Cognacy: |
Loan: |
2 |
left |
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3 |
right |
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7 |
to come |
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8 |
to turn
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9 |
to swim |
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10 |
dirty |
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11 |
dust |
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16 |
intestines |
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28 |
to breathe |
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30 |
mouth |
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31 |
tooth |
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38 |
to chew
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50 |
to dream |
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57 |
husband |
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58 |
wife |
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68 |
needle |
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69 |
to hunt
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70 |
to shoot
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73 |
to steal |
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74 |
to kill |
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81 |
sharp |
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82 |
dull, blunt |
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|
83 |
to work
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86 |
to grow
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|
88 |
to squeeze
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89 |
to hold
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91 |
to buy |
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92 |
to open, uncover |
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94 |
to throw
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95 |
to fall
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96 |
dog |
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97 |
bird |
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98 |
egg |
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100 |
wing |
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101 |
to fly |
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102 |
rat |
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104 |
fat/grease |
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106 |
snake |
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107 |
worm (earthworm) |
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110 |
spider |
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116 |
flower |
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118 |
grass |
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123 |
to flow |
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125 |
salt |
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131 |
cloud
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|
132 |
fog |
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|
141 |
wet |
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|
144 |
to burn
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148 |
white |
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|
150 |
yellow |
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|
154 |
short
|
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|
158 |
narrow |
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161 |
shy, ashamed |
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162 |
old
|
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|
163 |
new |
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164 |
good |
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|
165 |
bad, evil |
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|
166 |
correct, true |
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|
169 |
year |
|
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|
171 |
to hide
|
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172 |
to climb
|
|
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|
175 |
above |
|
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|
176 |
below |
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|
180 |
far |
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|
190 |
other |
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|
191 |
all |
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|
193 |
if |
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|
194 |
how?
|
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207 |
Twenty
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
hand |
*pau |
hand, arm, wing |
8 |
|
4 |
leg/foot |
*ney[ae] |
leg |
63 |
|
4 |
leg/foot |
*wae |
leg/foot |
1, 100 |
|
5 |
to walk |
*faSale |
walk, move around |
8 |
|
6 |
road/path |
*ala |
path/road |
1 |
|
12 |
skin |
*kuli |
skin, bark |
1 |
|
13 |
back
|
*takuru |
back (of body) |
12 |
|
14 |
belly |
*wupʷa |
|
11 |
|
14 |
belly |
*tia |
|
1 |
|
15 |
bone |
*cuyi |
bone |
2 |
|
17 |
liver |
*ate |
liver |
1 |
|
18 |
breast |
*susu |
breast, to suckle |
1 |
|
19 |
shoulder |
*afara |
shoulder |
1 |
|
20 |
to know, be knowledgeable |
*ata-i- |
to know |
35 |
|
20 |
to know, be knowledgeable |
*kila |
to know |
18 |
|
20 |
to know, be knowledgeable |
*kila-a |
|
18 |
|
20 |
to know, be knowledgeable |
*kila-i |
|
18 |
|
21 |
to think |
*maŋi |
have in mind, think, remember |
11 |
|
22 |
to fear |
*ma-taku |
to fear, be afraid |
1 |
|
23 |
blood |
*caa |
blood |
1 |
|
23 |
blood |
cacaa |
be bloody |
1 |
|
24 |
head |
*ulu |
extremity, top, tip, head |
1 |
|
25 |
neck |
*ua |
neck |
18 |
|
26 |
hair
|
*una |
hair/feathers/scales/remove (hair or scales) |
10 |
|
26 |
hair
|
*unauna |
|
10 |
|
26 |
hair
|
*una-fi |
|
10 |
|
27 |
nose |
*pʷauSu |
nose, not set 1,set 12, see Blust 1984 |
1, 12 |
|
29 |
to sniff, smell |
*saŋu |
to smell something / May = PPn *songi |
11 |
|
32 |
tongue |
*lewe |
tongue |
17 |
|
33 |
to laugh |
*ŋiTi |
chant, sing, be noisy, laugh |
17 |
|
34 |
to cry |
*taŋi |
cry |
1 |
|
34 |
to cry |
*taŋi-Si |
weep |
1 |
|
35 |
to vomit |
*mʷumʷuta |
to vomit |
1 |
|
36 |
to spit |
*ka[sS]i[sS]ifa |
spit, spittle |
19, 55 |
|
37 |
to eat |
*mʷaŋau |
to eat food |
8 |
|
37 |
to eat |
*kaŋi |
eat some thing |
1 |
|
39 |
to cook
|
*ma[sS]o |
cooked |
19, 82 |
|
39 |
to cook
|
*ma[w0]u[sS][au] |
cooked |
19, 82 |
|
40 |
to drink |
*inu |
drink |
1 |
|
40 |
to drink |
*(i)nu-mi |
drink |
1, 59 |
|
40 |
to drink |
*(i)nu-ma |
drink |
1, 74 |
|
41 |
to bite |
*kai |
bite |
38, 73 |
|
41 |
to bite |
*ku |
bite |
9 |
|
41 |
to bite |
*kuku |
bite |
9, 74 |
|
41 |
to bite |
*kuti |
bite |
9 |
|
41 |
to bite |
*kukuti |
bite |
9, 74 |
|
42 |
to suck |
*susu |
breast, to suckle |
25 |
|
43 |
ear |
*taliŋa |
ear, mushroom, fungus |
1 |
|
44 |
to hear |
*roŋo |
hear, listen |
1 |
|
45 |
eye |
*mata |
eye, face |
1 |
|
46 |
to see |
*loo |
to see |
14 |
|
46 |
to see |
loo-Si |
behold |
14 |
|
47 |
to yawn |
*mawa |
(?) yawn, be open mouthed |
19 |
|
48 |
to sleep |
*maturu |
sleep |
1 |
|
48 |
to sleep |
*mʷoe |
|
|
|
49 |
to lie down
|
*w[eo]n[eo] |
lie down, sleep |
1 |
|
51 |
to sit |
*maaso |
to sit |
18, 101 |
|
51 |
to sit |
*masoso |
to sit |
18, 101 |
|
52 |
to stand |
*tuu |
to stand |
2 |
|
53 |
person/human being |
*tau |
person |
1 |
|
53 |
person/human being |
*mata |
person |
70 |
|
53 |
person/human being |
*ara-mata |
people |
67, 70 |
|
54 |
man/male |
*mʷaane |
man, male |
1 |
|
55 |
woman/female |
*faifine |
woman |
1, 47 |
|
56 |
child |
*natu |
child/classifier for cherished possessions |
5 |
|
56 |
child |
*tari |
child |
7 |
|
59 |
mother |
*tina |
mother |
1 |
|
60 |
father |
*tama |
father |
1 |
|
61 |
house |
*umʷa |
house |
1 |
|
61 |
house |
imʷa |
house |
1, 48 |
|
62 |
thatch/roof |
*aTo |
thatch |
1 |
|
63 |
name |
*iSa |
name |
66 |
|
63 |
name |
*aSa |
name |
1, 18 |
|
64 |
to say |
*pʷaa |
to say |
13 |
|
65 |
rope |
*tali |
rope |
1 |
|
66 |
to tie up, fasten |
*fau |
tie |
11 |
|
66 |
to tie up, fasten |
*fau-Si |
bind |
11 |
|
67 |
to sew
|
*saisai |
sew |
2 |
|
67 |
to sew
|
*sai-ti |
sew |
2 |
|
71 |
to stab, pierce |
*[sS]oka |
(?) pierce/stab |
67 |
|
72 |
to hit
|
*suku |
hit/strike |
8, 63 |
|
72 |
to hit
|
*wece |
strike/hit/beat |
15 |
|
72 |
to hit
|
*woco |
strike/hit/beat |
15 |
|
75 |
to die, be dead |
*mate |
die, lose consciousness |
1 |
|
76 |
to live, be alive |
*mauri |
alive |
1, 76 |
|
76 |
to live, be alive |
*ma[nñ]awa |
life/alive |
7 |
|
77 |
to scratch
|
*kaaSu |
to scratch |
11 |
|
77 |
to scratch
|
*kakaaSu |
|
11 |
|
77 |
to scratch
|
*kari |
|
12 |
|
78 |
to cut, hack
|
*tafa |
to cut in pieces |
18 |
|
78 |
to cut, hack
|
*tafasi |
slice |
18 |
|
79 |
stick/wood |
*rae |
branch |
2 |
|
80 |
to split
|
*pʷ[ae]la |
to split s.t. open |
1, 76 |
|
80 |
to split
|
pʷ[ae]la-ŋi |
to split s.t. open |
1, 76 |
|
80 |
to split
|
pʷ[ae]la-ŋaki |
to split s.t. open |
1, 76 |
|
84 |
to plant |
*faSo |
planted |
6 |
|
84 |
to plant |
*fafaSo |
to plant |
6 |
|
84 |
to plant |
*faSoki |
a planted thing |
6 |
|
84 |
to plant |
*faSoka |
|
6 |
|
85 |
to choose |
*fili |
choose |
1 |
|
85 |
to choose |
*filifili |
choose |
1 |
|
87 |
to swell
|
*tupʷu |
I don't think *tupwu is reconstructed for PMc with this meaning and is not, at least, an ancestor of the "9" forms - JCM. |
|
|
90 |
to dig |
*keli |
dig |
1 |
|
90 |
to dig |
*keli-ŋi- |
dig |
1 |
|
90 |
to dig |
*[sS]owu |
to dig |
8 |
|
90 |
to dig |
[sS]owu-ti- |
to dig |
8 |
|
93 |
to pound, beat
|
*pʷau |
to pound food |
3 |
|
93 |
to pound, beat
|
*tuki |
to pound |
20, 2 |
|
93 |
to pound, beat
|
*tukituki |
to pound |
20, 2 |
|
99 |
feather |
*una |
hair/feathers/scales |
30 |
|
99 |
feather |
*unauna |
hair/feathers/scales |
30 |
|
103 |
meat/flesh |
*fiSiko |
flesh |
10 |
|
105 |
tail |
*iku |
tail |
1 |
|
108 |
louse
|
*kutu |
louse |
1 |
|
109 |
mosquito |
*ñamʷu |
mosquito |
1 |
|
111 |
fish |
*pali |
a fish |
26 |
|
111 |
fish |
*parapara |
a fish |
8 |
|
112 |
rotten
|
*maca |
very ripe |
50 |
|
112 |
rotten
|
*mamaca |
rotten |
50 |
|
113 |
branch
|
*rae |
branch |
1 |
|
114 |
leaf |
*cau |
leaf |
1 |
|
115 |
root |
*waka |
root |
2 |
|
115 |
root |
*wakara |
root |
2 |
|
117 |
fruit |
*wuaa |
fruit |
1 |
|
119 |
earth/soil |
*pʷelu |
|
13 |
|
120 |
stone |
*fatu |
stone |
1 |
|
121 |
sand |
*pia |
|
12 |
|
121 |
sand |
*pipia |
|
12 |
|
121 |
sand |
*piapia |
|
12 |
|
122 |
water
|
*canu- |
fresh water |
1 |
|
122 |
water
|
*cacanu |
|
1 |
|
122 |
water
|
*canucanu |
|
1 |
|
122 |
water
|
*pili |
|
4 |
|
124 |
sea |
*ma-Sawa |
deep sea, open sea |
13 |
|
124 |
sea |
*taSi |
Salt water |
1 |
|
126 |
lake |
*lama |
lagoon, lake |
8 |
|
127 |
woods/forest |
*walu |
vegetation, forest |
17 |
|
128 |
sky |
*laŋi |
sky, heaven, storm |
1 |
|
129 |
moon |
*ma-rama |
moon |
7 |
|
130 |
star |
*fit[ou]u |
star |
1 |
|
133 |
rain |
*u[sS]a |
rain |
1 |
|
134 |
thunder |
*para |
? |
15, 16 |
|
134 |
thunder |
*parara |
? |
15, 16 |
|
135 |
lightning |
*fiti |
flash (of light) |
34 |
|
136 |
wind |
*aŋi |
wind |
1 |
|
136 |
wind |
aŋiaŋi |
wind |
1 |
|
137 |
to blow
|
*pau |
blow (of the wind) |
14 |
|
137 |
to blow
|
*paupau |
blow (of the wind) |
14 |
|
137 |
to blow
|
*wuku |
to blow |
15 |
|
137 |
to blow
|
*wuuku |
to blow |
15 |
|
138 |
warm
|
*rara |
to heat, be warm |
9 |
|
139 |
cold
|
*maci |
be cold |
1 |
|
139 |
cold
|
*macici |
|
1 |
|
139 |
cold
|
*fou |
|
11 |
|
140 |
dry
|
*masa |
be low tide |
11 |
|
140 |
dry
|
*mamasa |
dry |
11 |
|
142 |
heavy |
*cawu |
|
9 |
|
142 |
heavy |
*cacawu |
|
9 |
|
142 |
heavy |
*cawucawu |
|
9 |
|
143 |
fire |
*afi |
fire |
1 |
|
145 |
smoke
|
*a[sS]u |
smoke |
2 |
|
146 |
ash |
*peyata |
ashes |
7 |
|
146 |
ash |
*peata |
ashes |
7 |
|
147 |
black |
*calo |
dark |
8 |
|
147 |
black |
*calocalo |
black |
8 |
|
149 |
red |
*para |
red |
17 |
|
151 |
green |
*ma-rawa |
green, blue |
13 |
|
152 |
small |
*ciki |
small/little |
81 |
|
152 |
small |
*kisi |
|
80 |
|
153 |
big |
*lapa |
big, main |
10 |
|
155 |
long
|
*ala[iu] |
long |
13 |
|
155 |
long
|
alala[iu] |
long |
13 |
|
156 |
thin
|
*ma-nifi |
thin |
1 |
|
156 |
thin
|
*ma-nifinifi |
flimsy |
1 |
|
157 |
thick
|
*ma-tolu |
thick |
3 |
|
157 |
thick
|
*ma-totolu |
thick |
3 |
|
157 |
thick
|
*ma-tolutolu |
thick |
3 |
|
159 |
wide |
*cau- |
wide |
9 |
|
159 |
wide |
*cau-lapa |
width |
9, 48 |
|
160 |
painful, sick |
*masaki |
be painful, hurt |
1 |
|
167 |
night |
*pʷoŋi |
night |
1 |
|
168 |
day |
*raani |
|
6 |
|
170 |
when?
|
*ñai-Sa |
when? |
1, 24 |
|
170 |
when?
|
*ŋai-Sa |
when? |
1, 24 |
|
173 |
at |
*i- |
at (locative): |
1 |
|
174 |
in, inside |
*lalo |
inside |
1 |
|
177 |
this |
*ae |
(?) this |
1, 18 |
|
177 |
this |
*ee |
here/this near speaker |
1, 18 |
|
177 |
this |
*ena |
this/that |
1, 33 |
|
178 |
that |
*ena |
this, that |
1 |
|
179 |
near |
*Soru- |
near, beside (not from OL - JCM) |
97 |
|
181 |
where?
|
*-faa |
where? |
3, 48 |
|
182 |
I |
*ŋaa |
I (1st person singular pronoun) |
12 |
|
182 |
I |
ŋau |
I (1st person singular pronoun) |
12 |
|
183 |
thou |
*ko- |
you (sg. subj. marker) |
1 |
|
183 |
thou |
*koe |
you (sg. subj. marker) |
1 |
|
184 |
he/she |
*ia |
he, she, it (independent pronoun): |
1 |
|
185 |
we
|
*kica |
incl.; reflecting POc *kida rather than *kita |
1, 42 |
|
185 |
we
|
*kayi |
excl. |
2 |
|
186 |
you |
*kamʷu |
you (pl.) |
1 |
|
187 |
they |
*re- |
they (3pl subject marker) |
1, 70 |
|
187 |
they |
*ra- |
they (independent pronoun), them (suf. obj. prn.),their (suf. poss. prn.) |
1, 70 |
|
188 |
what?
|
*-Saa |
interrogative suffix |
1, 52 |
|
188 |
what?
|
*mee-Saa |
interrogative suffix |
1, 64 |
|
188 |
what?
|
*(mee)-t |
what? |
1, 64 |
|
188 |
what?
|
*(mee)-ta |
what? |
1, 64 |
|
189 |
who?
|
*tau |
who? |
9 |
|
192 |
and |
*ma |
and (with) |
2 |
|
195 |
no, not |
*tai |
not |
4 |
|
195 |
no, not |
*ta |
not |
4 |
|
196 |
to count |
*waSe |
|
10 |
|
196 |
to count |
*waSe-ki |
|
10 |
|
196 |
to count |
*paa |
|
11 |
|
196 |
to count |
*paapaa |
|
11 |
|
197 |
One
|
*te- |
one (prefixed to classifiers) |
14 |
|
198 |
Two
|
*rua |
two |
1 |
|
199 |
Three
|
*telu |
three |
1 |
|
199 |
Three
|
*telu-ua |
three (general) |
1 |
|
200 |
Four
|
*faŋi |
the number four (in serial counting) |
1, 67 |
|
201 |
Five
|
*lim-manu |
|
1 |
|
201 |
Five
|
*lima |
|
1 |
|
201 |
Five
|
*lima-ua |
|
1 |
|
202 |
Six
|
*wono- |
|
1 |
|
203 |
Seven
|
*fitu |
|
1 |
|
203 |
Seven
|
fitu-ua |
|
1 |
|
204 |
Eight
|
*walu-ua |
|
3 |
|
204 |
Eight
|
*walu |
|
3 |
|
205 |
Nine
|
*Siwa |
|
5 |
|
206 |
Ten
|
*-ŋawulu |
|
5 |
|
208 |
Fifty
|
*lima-ŋawulu |
|
1 |
|
209 |
One Hundred
|
*-pwukua |
|
20 |
|
209 |
One Hundred
|
*-pwukiwa |
|
20 |
|
210 |
One Thousand
|
*-ŋa-ratu |
|
17 |
|