ID: |
Word: |
Item: |
Annotation: |
Cognacy: |
Loan: |
1 |
hand |
*lima |
|
1, 64 |
|
2 |
left |
*sema |
*sema has reflexes in EPn as well as Tongic and NPn. |
11 |
|
2 |
left |
*maui |
*maui Outlier isogloss |
1, 59 |
|
3 |
right |
*sako |
'straight, erect' |
x |
|
4 |
leg/foot |
*waqe |
|
1, 100 |
|
5 |
to walk |
*fano |
(a) 'go, move' |
2 |
|
5 |
to walk |
*saqele |
(b) 'walk, go' |
6 |
|
5 |
to walk |
*qalu |
(c) 1. 'go' 2. 'follow' |
34 |
|
5 |
to walk |
*roo |
(d) 'go (pl. subject)' (suppletive plural of fano 'go, sing. sub.) |
|
|
6 |
road/path |
*hala |
|
1 |
|
7 |
to come |
? fano mai |
PPn shows a possible replacement innovation. |
1, 23 |
|
8 |
to turn
|
*fuli |
Possible replacement in PPn |
15 |
|
9 |
to swim |
*kaukau |
is this really reduplicated? not *kau |
5 |
|
10 |
dirty |
*kelekele |
This is reconstructed for 'black' or 'dark', not for 'dirty' -MW |
10 |
|
11 |
dust |
*efu |
|
1 |
|
12 |
skin |
*kili |
|
1 |
|
13 |
back
|
*tuqa |
|
11 |
|
14 |
belly |
*manawa |
'belly, stomach', check Geraghty 1984, who posits PCP *manawa |
9 |
|
15 |
bone |
*hui |
|
52 |
|
16 |
intestines |
|
|
|
|
17 |
liver |
*qate |
|
1 |
|
18 |
breast |
*susu or *huhu |
also milk |
1 |
|
19 |
shoulder |
*uma |
PPn shows lexical replacement |
10 |
|
20 |
to know, be knowledgeable |
*qiloa |
|
13 |
|
21 |
to think |
*manatu |
PPn shows lexical replacement |
7 |
|
22 |
to fear |
*mataku |
|
1 |
|
23 |
blood |
*toto |
PPn shows lexical replacement. POc *toto 'sap of plants' is reconstructable |
4 |
|
24 |
head |
*qulu |
|
1 |
|
25 |
neck |
*ua |
|
18 |
|
26 |
hair
|
*lau-qulu < |
|
40 |
|
27 |
nose |
*isu |
|
1 |
|
28 |
to breathe |
*maanawa |
|
1 |
|
29 |
to sniff, smell |
|
|
|
|
30 |
mouth |
*ŋutu |
'mouth, beak' |
2 |
|
31 |
tooth |
*nifo |
|
1 |
|
32 |
tongue |
*qalelo |
Lexical replacement in PPn |
15 |
|
33 |
to laugh |
*kata |
PPn shows a replacement innovation. |
7 |
|
34 |
to cry |
|
|
|
|
35 |
to vomit |
*lua |
|
8 |
|
35 |
to vomit |
*lua-qi |
|
8, 31 |
|
36 |
to spit |
*qanu |
|
14, 84, 121 |
|
36 |
to spit |
*qanu-si |
|
14, 84 |
|
37 |
to eat |
*kai |
|
1, 47 |
|
38 |
to chew
|
*mama |
|
1 |
|
39 |
to cook
|
*saka |
|
2 |
|
40 |
to drink |
*inu |
|
1 |
|
41 |
to bite |
*uqu-ti |
Pn: Ton, Niu, Sam, EFu, EUv, Tik, Pil, Ren |
|
|
42 |
to suck |
*miti |
|
8 |
|
42 |
to suck |
*susu |
(b) 'suck the breast' |
25 |
|
43 |
ear |
*taliŋa |
|
1 |
|
44 |
to hear |
*roŋo |
|
1 |
|
45 |
eye |
*mata |
|
1 |
|
46 |
to see |
*kite |
|
1 |
|
47 |
to yawn |
*mawawa |
|
19 |
|
48 |
to sleep |
*mohe |
PCP shows a replacement innovation, reflected by Fijian moce, mose, Rotuman mose, PPn *mohe. PCP *mo(c,s)e has probable antecedents in POc but shows semantic shift. |
10, 109 |
|
49 |
to lie down
|
*takoto |
|
7, 10 |
|
50 |
to dream |
*miti |
|
36 |
|
50 |
to dream |
*mohe-miti |
|
7, 36 |
|
51 |
to sit |
*nofo |
|
16 |
|
52 |
to stand |
*tuqu |
|
2 |
|
53 |
person/human being |
*taŋata |
|
1, 66, 97 |
|
54 |
man/male |
*taqane |
PPn shows irregular loss of PCP ŋw. |
1, 11 |
|
55 |
woman/female |
*fafine |
|
1, 106 |
|
56 |
child |
*tama |
'child, son' PPn *tamaqiti, poss. singular, |
6 |
|
57 |
husband |
|
|
|
|
58 |
wife |
*qasawana |
'wife' |
1 |
|
59 |
mother |
*tinana |
|
1 |
|
60 |
father |
*tamana |
|
1 |
|
61 |
house |
*fale |
PPn shows lexical replacement |
14 |
|
62 |
thatch/roof |
|
|
|
|
63 |
name |
*hiŋoa |
PPn shows lexical replacement |
6 |
|
64 |
to say |
*tala |
(to speak) tell, relate, (n.) talk, message' |
60 |
|
65 |
rope |
*taula |
PMic *tali 'rope',Pn: Niu toua 'rope', EFu, Nuk taula, Ren tauga, PCEPn *taura 'rope', (b) |
9 |
|
66 |
to tie up, fasten |
*faqu-si |
|
11 |
|
67 |
to sew
|
*tuitui |
PPn continues POC *tuRi as *tui in the sense of thread string through fish or other objects but also has a reduplicated form *tuitui meaning 'to sew' |
13, 16 |
|
67 |
to sew
|
*suki |
PPn continues POC *tuRi as *tui in the sense of thread string through fish or other objects but also has a reduplicated form *tuitui meaning 'to sew' |
17 |
|
67 |
to sew
|
*tui |
|
13, 16 |
|
68 |
needle |
*sika |
'net needle' |
9 |
|
69 |
to hunt
|
*tuli-manu |
|
8 |
|
70 |
to shoot
|
|
|
|
|
71 |
to stab, pierce |
*suki |
(or stick) 'pierce' |
1, 8 |
|
72 |
to hit
|
*tuki |
(a) to pound |
8 |
|
72 |
to hit
|
*paki |
(b) to slap |
6 |
|
73 |
to steal |
*kai(h,s)aqa |
|
7 |
|
74 |
to kill |
*faka-mate |
|
2 |
|
74 |
to kill |
*ta-mate- |
|
2 |
|
75 |
to die, be dead |
*mate |
|
1 |
|
76 |
to live, be alive |
|
|
|
|
77 |
to scratch
|
*waku |
sure? not *laku?-MW |
9 |
|
78 |
to cut, hack
|
*kai(h,s)aqa |
|
|
|
79 |
stick/wood |
*suki |
'pierce'to stab (or stick, no one to one match) |
x |
|
80 |
to split
|
*fasi |
(a) split s.t., cleave s.t. |
4 |
|
80 |
to split
|
*isi |
(b) split, cut lengthwise, tear off in long strips |
7 |
|
80 |
to split
|
*faa |
(c) burst, split open |
5 |
|
80 |
to split
|
*ma-faa |
(d) burst, split open |
5, 72 |
|
80 |
to split
|
*ma-fola |
(e) be split open |
1 |
|
80 |
to split
|
*fola |
(e) be split open |
1 |
|
81 |
sharp |
*ŋata |
'sharp'(as knife) |
36 |
|
82 |
dull, blunt |
*mata putu |
|
1 |
|
82 |
dull, blunt |
*paku |
|
61 |
|
82 |
dull, blunt |
*pengu |
|
12 |
|
82 |
dull, blunt |
*penu |
|
12 |
|
82 |
dull, blunt |
?*putu |
For PMP Blust (1993) gives both *dumpul and *pudul. From the latter he derives POc *(b,p)urul. From the former one would expect POc *ru(b,p)ul. There is no standout candidate for PPn or PCP. Geraghty 1983 proposes PEOc *pusuki. |
1 |
|
83 |
to work
|
*quma |
|
1 |
|
84 |
to plant |
*too |
PPn shows lexical replacement. |
4 |
|
85 |
to choose |
*fili |
|
1 |
|
86 |
to grow
|
*tupu |
|
1 |
|
87 |
to swell
|
*fufula |
|
7 |
|
88 |
to squeeze
|
*kumi |
(a)'massage' |
14 |
|
88 |
to squeeze
|
*foo |
(b) 'squeeze flesh or clothes, as in washing' |
8, 2 |
|
88 |
to squeeze
|
*fofoo |
(b) 'squeeze flesh or clothes, as in washing' |
8, 2 |
|
89 |
to hold
|
|
|
|
|
90 |
to dig |
*keli |
|
1 |
|
91 |
to buy |
*fakatau mai |
PPn shows lexical replacement |
9 |
|
92 |
to open, uncover |
*tatala |
(a door, container) |
10 |
|
93 |
to pound, beat
|
*tuki |
|
2 |
|
94 |
to throw
|
*lii |
'cast (as line, swing and throw, toss)' |
79 |
|
94 |
to throw
|
*liaki |
'cast (as line, swing and throw, toss)' |
79, 127 |
|
95 |
to fall
|
*too |
'to fall, drop' |
14 |
|
96 |
dog |
|
|
|
|
97 |
bird |
*manu |
(+ *lele 'to fly') |
1 |
|
98 |
egg |
|
|
|
|
99 |
feather |
*fulu-fulu |
|
1 |
|
100 |
wing |
*kapakau |
|
1, 59 |
|
101 |
to fly |
*lele |
PPn loses POc form. |
11 |
|
102 |
rat |
*kumaa |
|
13 |
|
103 |
meat/flesh |
*kanofi |
'flesh of animal or coconut, kernel or hard core' |
14 |
|
104 |
fat/grease |
*momona |
'rich fatty flesh, |
1, 65 |
|
105 |
tail |
*hiku |
(of fish) |
13 |
|
106 |
snake |
*ŋata |
|
12 |
|
107 |
worm (earthworm) |
*kelemutu |
|
9 |
|
108 |
louse
|
*kutu |
|
1 |
|
109 |
mosquito |
*namu |
|
1 |
|
110 |
spider |
*puŋa-lewelewe |
|
1, 57 |
|
111 |
fish |
*ika |
|
1 |
|
112 |
rotten
|
*pala |
'rotten, as overripe fruit or tubers' |
13 |
|
113 |
branch
|
*laqa(-laqa) |
'small branch(es)' |
1 |
|
114 |
leaf |
*lau (qi raqakau) |
|
1 |
|
115 |
root |
*aka |
|
2 |
|
116 |
flower |
*fuŋa |
|
72 |
|
117 |
fruit |
*fua |
(qi ra?akau) |
1 |
|
118 |
grass |
*mutia |
grass (generic) |
13 |
|
118 |
grass |
*mouku |
|
58 |
|
118 |
grass |
*mutie |
grass (generic) |
13 |
|
119 |
earth/soil |
*kele |
|
10 |
|
120 |
stone |
*maka |
|
4 |
|
121 |
sand |
*qone |
|
1 |
|
122 |
water
|
*faka-ranu |
*(v.) 'to wash s.t. in fresh water' |
|
|
123 |
to flow |
*sali |
as a stream'flow (?in a small stream), trickle' |
24 |
|
124 |
sea |
*wasa |
If not a diffusion in Fiji-W. Polynesia area. (open) sea |
12 |
|
125 |
salt |
*masima |
|
3 |
|
126 |
lake |
*loto |
|
6 |
|
127 |
woods/forest |
*wao |
'bush, forest, land that is uncultivated and uninhabited' |
14 |
|
128 |
sky |
*laŋi |
|
1 |
|
129 |
moon |
*marama |
'moon, moonlight' |
7 |
|
130 |
star |
*fetuqu |
|
1 |
|
131 |
cloud
|
*qao |
Probable lexical replacement in PCP/PPn. |
12 |
|
132 |
fog |
*kofu |
|
1, 47 |
|
133 |
rain |
*quha |
(noun) |
1 |
|
134 |
thunder |
*mana |
'thunder, supernatural force' |
37 |
|
135 |
lightning |
*quhila |
|
2 |
|
136 |
wind |
*mataŋi |
|
1, 66 |
|
137 |
to blow
|
*pupusi |
(with the breath) (no to) |
6 |
|
138 |
warm
|
*mafana |
|
1, 72 |
|
138 |
warm
|
*mafana-fana |
|
1, 72 |
|
139 |
cold
|
*makalili |
|
1, 52 |
|
140 |
dry
|
*matuqu |
|
66 |
|
141 |
wet |
*suu |
(Vst) 'watery, wet' |
11 |
|
142 |
heavy |
*ma-mafa |
(b)PEPn *taumafa, *taimafa |
46 |
|
143 |
fire |
*afi |
|
1 |
|
144 |
to burn
|
*wela-tia ‘burnt’ |
be alight |
63 |
|
145 |
smoke
|
*qahu |
|
2 |
|
145 |
smoke
|
*qahu-afi |
|
2 |
|
146 |
ash |
*refu |
(-refu) (ashes) |
67 |
|
147 |
black |
*quli(-quli) |
PPn shows a replacement innovation. |
7 |
|
148 |
white |
*tea |
|
8 |
|
149 |
red |
*kula |
|
13 |
|
150 |
yellow |
*reŋareŋa,*felo(-felo) |
'yellow' (also 'turmeric'),'yellowish, reddish yellow' |
10, 11 |
|
151 |
green |
? * mata |
Possibly no primary colour term 'green' in POc. |
1 |
|
152 |
small |
*qiti |
|
1 |
|
153 |
big |
*lasi |
PPn show a replacement innovation. |
12 |
|
154 |
short
|
*pukupuku |
|
3 |
|
155 |
long
|
*loa |
|
12, 105 |
|
156 |
thin
|
*manifinifi |
(as cloth) |
1 |
|
157 |
thick
|
*matolutolu |
|
3 |
|
158 |
narrow |
*faa-riki |
'narrow' |
84 |
|
159 |
wide |
*faa-lasi |
wide |
|
|
159 |
wide |
*lau-lasi |
wide |
73, 9 |
|
159 |
wide |
*lau-efa |
wide |
73, 48 |
|
160 |
painful, sick |
*mamahi |
(a) painful |
10 |
|
160 |
painful, sick |
*masaki |
(b) sick |
1 |
|
161 |
shy, ashamed |
*maqaa |
ashamed (?) |
1 |
|
161 |
shy, ashamed |
*maa |
ashamed |
1 |
|
162 |
old
|
tuai |
(1) 'old, of times, (2) late |
48 |
|
163 |
new |
*foqou |
|
1 |
|
164 |
good |
*malie |
'nice, pleasant' |
16 |
|
165 |
bad, evil |
*saqa |
?'bad, of improper conduct, unseemly, forbidden' |
1 |
|
166 |
correct, true |
|
|
|
|
167 |
night |
*poo |
|
1 |
|
168 |
day |
*raqani |
|
6 |
|
169 |
year |
*taqu |
|
1 |
|
170 |
when?
|
*ŋaiSa |
|
1 |
|
171 |
to hide
|
*funi |
PT: Motu huni-a 'to hide' |
1 |
|
172 |
to climb
|
*kake |
PPn shows lexical replacement |
32 |
|
173 |
at |
|
|
|
|
174 |
in, inside |
*(i) loto |
PPn shows replacement. PPn has *lalo 'under, below' with semantic shift.(hand) |
5 |
|
175 |
above |
*i luŋa |
PPn shows lexical replacement. |
9 |
|
176 |
below |
*lalo |
PPn shows a replacement innovation. Probably a semantic shift, as suggested by PMic *lalo 'deep' |
8 |
|
177 |
this |
*eni |
|
1 |
|
178 |
that |
*era |
(distant) |
65 |
|
179 |
near |
*tata |
|
9 |
|
180 |
far |
*mamaqo |
PPn shows lexical replacement. |
13 |
|
181 |
where?
|
*fea |
|
3, 35 |
|
182 |
I |
*au |
(indep.) |
1, 21 |
|
183 |
thou |
*koe |
|
1 |
|
184 |
he/she |
*ia |
he (indep.) |
1 |
|
185 |
we
|
*kima-tou |
(excl pl) |
2, 39 |
|
186 |
you |
|
|
|
|
187 |
they |
*kila-tou |
(where –tou is from *-tolu 'paucal') |
1, 19 |
|
187 |
they |
*la-tou |
(where –tou is from *-tolu 'paucal') |
1, 72 |
|
188 |
what?
|
*hafa |
|
1 |
|
188 |
what?
|
*haa |
|
1 |
|
189 |
who?
|
*hai |
|
1 |
|
190 |
other |
*taha |
|
|
|
191 |
all |
*katoa |
PPn shows a lexical replacement |
13 |
|
192 |
and |
|
|
|
|
193 |
if |
*rano |
|
|
|
194 |
how?
|
*pe(he)fea |
PPn shows lexical replacement. |
11 |
|
195 |
no, not |
*qikai |
|
10, 83 |
|
196 |
to count |
*tau |
|
8 |
|
197 |
One
|
*taha |
|
41 |
|
198 |
Two
|
*rua |
|
1 |
|
199 |
Three
|
*tolu |
|
1 |
|
200 |
Four
|
*faa |
|
1, 66 |
|
201 |
Five
|
*lima |
|
1 |
|
202 |
Six
|
*ono |
|
|
|
203 |
Seven
|
|
|
|
|
204 |
Eight
|
|
|
|
|
205 |
Nine
|
|
|
|
|
206 |
Ten
|
|
|
|
|
207 |
Twenty
|
|
|
|
|
208 |
Fifty
|
|
|
|
|
209 |
One Hundred
|
|
|
|
|
210 |
One Thousand
|
|
|
|
|