Language: Proto-Oceanic (Pawley)
Resources:
Change History:
Showing all of 14 entries
- Updated Language Details - Simon Greenhill (2016-07-11 11:39:29)
- Updated Language Details - Simon Greenhill (2010-03-05 02:29:57)
- Changed #171172 from "mamaq",
"", "",
"" (Word 65535) - Simon Greenhill (2010-02-04 23:46:27)
- Changed #171174 from "inum",
"", "",
"" (Word 65535) - Simon Greenhill (2010-02-04 23:46:27)
- Changed #171176 from "miji",
"", "",
"" (Word 65535) - Simon Greenhill (2010-02-04 23:46:27)
- Changed #171180 from "kita",
"", "",
"" (Word 65535) - Simon Greenhill (2010-02-04 23:46:27)
- Changed #171191 from "tina-ña ",
"'his/her mother'", "",
"" (Word 65535) - Simon Greenhill (2010-02-04 23:46:27)
- Changed #171203 from "*soka ‘",
"‘to husk a coconut etc.’ No one to one match.", "",
"" (Word 65535) - Simon Greenhill (2010-02-04 23:46:27)
- Changed #171204 from "*punipalu,*tuki ",
"Blust (1993) posits POc *palu, ‘to pound'", "",
"" (Word 65535) - Simon Greenhill (2010-02-04 23:46:27)
- Changed #171205 from "panako",
"", "",
"" (Word 65535) - Simon Greenhill (2010-02-04 23:46:27)
- Changed from "*posa,*pai ‘do’" (Word 64) - Simon Greenhill (2010-02-04 22:38:19)
- Changed from "*mumuta, *luaq ‘" (Word 35) - Simon Greenhill (2010-02-04 22:25:32)
- Changed #171156 from "*ronrom",
"Given the range of witnesses supporting (a), we can infer that the forms in set (b) reflect an irregular change *nd > n that occurred, perhaps more than once, in certain Vanuatu languages and in Central Pacific.", "",
"" (Word 65535) - Russell Gray (2010-01-17 00:12:19)
- Language Added - Russell Gray (2010-01-16 23:55:54)
Entries:
| ID: |
Word: |
Item: |
Annotation: |
Cognacy: |
Loan: |
| 175 |
above |
*atas |
|
1 |
|
| 191 |
all |
*udolu |
|
15 |
|
| 192 |
and |
 |
|
|
|
| 146 |
ash |
*drapu(ʀ) |
|
|
|
| 173 |
at |
|
|
|
|
| 13 |
back
|
*takuʀu |
|
12 |
|
| 165 |
bad, evil |
*saqat |
|
1 |
|
| 14 |
belly |
*tian |
|
1 |
|
| 176 |
below |
*papaq |
|
1 |
|
| 153 |
big |
*lapapt |
Lynch 2001 reconstrcts POc *lab(w)at |
10 |
|
| 97 |
bird |
*manuk |
probably in certain contexts modified by verb 'to fly' |
1 |
|
| 147 |
black |
*maqeto |
|
1 |
|
| 147 |
black |
*maqito |
|
1 |
|
| 23 |
blood |
*draʀaq |
|
1 |
|
| 15 |
bone |
*suʀi |
|
52 |
|
| 113 |
branch
|
*maŋa |
|
2, 35 |
|
| 18 |
breast |
*susu |
'breast, milk' |
1 |
|
| 56 |
child |
*natu |
|
5 |
|
| 131 |
cloud
|
*taqe ni laŋ |
'prob. specifically of light clouds' |
116 |
|
| 139 |
cold
|
|
|
|
|
| 166 |
correct, true |
*bonor |
'true' |
1 |
|
| 168 |
day |
*qaco |
|
1, 54 |
|
| 10 |
dirty |
|
|
|
|
| 96 |
dog |
|
|
|
|
| 140 |
dry
|
*masa |
'dry, empty of liquid' Problematic because several senses of 'dry' occur in Pn langs and 200 wordlists vary among these |
11 |
|
| 82 |
dull, blunt |
|
|
|
|
| 11 |
dust |
*qapuk |
|
1 |
|
| 43 |
ear |
*taliŋa |
|
1 |
|
| 119 |
earth/soil |
*qumun |
(earth) oven |
x |
|
| 98 |
egg |
*katoluʀ |
|
1 |
|
| 204 |
Eight
|
|
|
|
|
| 45 |
eye |
*mata |
|
1 |
|
| 180 |
far |
*sauq |
|
1 |
|
| 104 |
fat/grease |
*momoña |
rich fatty flesh, grease, oil |
1, 65 |
|
| 60 |
father |
*tama-ña |
'his/her father' |
1 |
|
| 99 |
feather |
*pulu |
|
1 |
|
| 208 |
Fifty
|
|
|
|
|
| 143 |
fire |
*api |
|
1 |
|
| 111 |
fish |
*ikan |
|
1 |
|
| 201 |
Five
|
*lima |
|
1 |
|
| 116 |
flower |
*puŋa |
|
1 |
|
| 132 |
fog |
*kaput |
|
1 |
|
| 200 |
Four
|
*pati |
|
1, 65 |
|
| 200 |
Four
|
*pat |
|
1 |
|
| 117 |
fruit |
*puaq |
|
1 |
|
| 164 |
good |
*ma-pia |
Blust 1993 |
1 |
|
| 118 |
grass |
*paliji |
'grass, generic term' |
1 |
|
| 151 |
green |
|
|
|
|
| 26 |
hair
|
*raun |
|
40 |
|
| 1 |
hand |
*lima |
|
1, 64 |
|
| 184 |
he/she |
*ia |
he (indep.) |
1 |
|
| 24 |
head |
*qulu |
|
1 |
|
| 142 |
heavy |
*mapat |
|
46 |
|
| 61 |
house |
*ʀumwa |
'house, dwelling' |
1 |
|
| 61 |
house |
*pale |
'open sided building, meeting house' |
14 |
|
| 194 |
how?
|
*kuya |
(v.st) be how, in what manner or condition |
1 |
|
| 57 |
husband |
|
|
|
|
| 182 |
I |
*au |
I (indep.) |
1, 21 |
|
| 193 |
if |
|
|
|
|
| 174 |
in, inside |
*(i)ralom |
|
1 |
|
| 16 |
intestines |
|
|
|
|
| 126 |
lake |
*rano |
|
1 |
|
| 114 |
leaf |
*rau |
|
1 |
|
| 2 |
left |
*mauʀi |
(hand) |
1, 59 |
|
| 2 |
left |
*mawiʀi |
(hand) |
1, 59 |
|
| 4 |
leg/foot |
*waqe |
|
1, 100 |
|
| 135 |
lightning |
*qusilak |
|
2 |
|
| 17 |
liver |
*qate |
|
1 |
|
| 155 |
long
|
*ba(l,r)apu |
|
16 |
|
| 108 |
louse
|
*kutu |
|
1 |
|
| 54 |
man/male |
*taumwaqane |
|
1, 14 |
|
| 103 |
meat/flesh |
*pisako |
'animal flesh'(flesh of fish, etc) |
10 |
|
| 129 |
moon |
*pulan |
|
1 |
|
| 109 |
mosquito |
*ñamuk |
|
1 |
|
| 59 |
mother |
*tina-ña |
'his/her mother' |
1 |
|
| 30 |
mouth |
*ŋujuŋ |
(external) |
2 |
|
| 63 |
name |
*qajan |
(flesh of fish, etc) |
1, 18 |
|
| 158 |
narrow |
*kopit |
|
48 |
|
| 179 |
near |
*tata |
|
9 |
|
| 25 |
neck |
*ʀuqa |
(not throat) |
18 |
|
| 68 |
needle |
*saʀum |
|
1 |
|
| 163 |
new |
*paʀaqu |
|
1 |
|
| 167 |
night |
*boŋi |
|
1 |
|
| 205 |
Nine
|
|
|
|
|
| 195 |
no, not |
*tika(i) |
|
10 |
|
| 27 |
nose |
*ijuŋ |
|
1 |
|
| 162 |
old
|
*matuqa |
|
1 |
|
| 197 |
One
|
*sa |
|
1 |
|
| 197 |
One
|
*sakai |
|
8 |
|
| 197 |
One
|
*tasa |
|
41 |
|
| 209 |
One Hundred
|
|
|
|
|
| 210 |
One Thousand
|
|
|
|
|
| 190 |
other |
*liqa |
'additional, another' |
2 |
|
| 160 |
painful, sick |
*masakit |
'(1) be sick', (2) 'be in pain', (3) 'hurt, be painful' |
1 |
|
| 53 |
person/human being |
*taumata |
|
1, 66 |
|
| 53 |
person/human being |
*tamwata |
|
1, 66 |
|
| 133 |
rain |
*qusan |
|
1 |
|
| 102 |
rat |
*kasupe |
'Rattus sp., commensal rats, as opposed, e.g. to large bush rats' |
3 |
|
| 149 |
red |
*meʀaq |
'reddish brown, ?red' |
1 |
|
| 3 |
right |
|
|
|
|
| 6 |
road/path |
*jalan |
|
1 |
|
| 115 |
root |
*wakaʀ |
|
2 |
|
| 65 |
rope |
*tali |
'cord' |
1 |
|
| 112 |
rotten
|
*ba(l,r)a |
'overripe' |
13 |
|
| 112 |
rotten
|
*bobo(k) ? |
< PMP *bekbek 'mouldy? |
|
|
| 112 |
rotten
|
*madaʀ |
'overripe' |
|
|
| 125 |
salt |
*waiʀ tasik |
(water) |
20 |
|
| 121 |
sand |
*qone |
|
1 |
|
| 124 |
sea |
*masawa |
(open) |
13 |
|
| 203 |
Seven
|
|
|
|
|
| 81 |
sharp |
*tajim |
'to sharpen to a point' |
1 |
|
| 154 |
short
|
*papaq |
(Blust 1993) |
54 |
|
| 154 |
short
|
*papak |
(Blust 1993) |
54 |
|
| 19 |
shoulder |
*qapaʀa |
|
1 |
|
| 161 |
shy, ashamed |
*mayaq |
under 'ashamed' |
1 |
|
| 202 |
Six
|
|
|
|
|
| 12 |
skin |
*kulit |
|
1 |
|
| 128 |
sky |
*laŋit |
|
1 |
|
| 152 |
small |
*rikiq |
|
66 |
|
| 145 |
smoke
|
*qasu |
|
2 |
|
| 106 |
snake |
*mwata |
|
12 |
|
| 110 |
spider |
*lawaq |
|
1 |
|
| 130 |
star |
*pituqon |
|
1 |
|
| 79 |
stick/wood |
*kayu |
|
1 |
|
| 120 |
stone |
*patu |
|
1 |
|
| 105 |
tail |
*siku |
(of fish) |
13 |
|
| 206 |
Ten
|
|
|
|
|
| 178 |
that |
|
|
|
|
| 62 |
thatch/roof |
*qatop |
|
1 |
|
| 187 |
they |
*ira |
|
1 |
|
| 157 |
thick
|
*matolu |
(as cloth) |
3 |
|
| 156 |
thin
|
*manipis |
|
1 |
|
| 177 |
this |
*eni |
|
1 |
|
| 177 |
this |
*ani |
|
1 |
|
| 183 |
thou |
*iko |
|
1 |
|
| 199 |
Three
|
*tolu |
|
1 |
|
| 134 |
thunder |
*kuruk |
|
1 |
|
| 41 |
to bite |
*kaʀati- |
|
1 |
|
| 137 |
to blow
|
*upu |
(with the breath) |
4, 57 |
|
| 28 |
to breathe |
*mañawa |
|
1 |
|
| 144 |
to burn
|
|
|
|
|
| 91 |
to buy |
*poli |
|
1 |
|
| 38 |
to chew
|
*mamaq |
|
1 |
|
| 85 |
to choose |
*piliq |
|
1 |
|
| 172 |
to climb
|
*sake |
|
2 |
|
| 7 |
to come |
*lako mai |
|
1 |
|
| 39 |
to cook
|
*tunu |
|
9 |
|
| 196 |
to count |
|
|
|
|
| 34 |
to cry |
|
|
|
|
| 78 |
to cut, hack
|
|
|
|
|
| 75 |
to die, be dead |
|
|
|
|
| 90 |
to dig |
*kali |
|
1 |
|
| 90 |
to dig |
*keli |
|
1 |
|
| 50 |
to dream |
*nipi |
|
1, 60 |
|
| 50 |
to dream |
*mipi |
|
1, 37 |
|
| 40 |
to drink |
*inum |
|
1 |
|
| 37 |
to eat |
*kani |
|
1 |
|
| 95 |
to fall
|
|
|
|
|
| 22 |
to fear |
*matakut |
|
1 |
|
| 123 |
to flow |
*tape |
|
10 |
|
| 101 |
to fly |
*laŋo |
'housefly' |
x |
|
| 86 |
to grow
|
*tubuq |
|
1 |
|
| 44 |
to hear |
*roŋoʀ |
|
1 |
|
| 171 |
to hide
|
*puni |
|
1 |
|
| 72 |
to hit
|
*tuki |
|
8 |
|
| 72 |
to hit
|
*punipalu |
Blust (1993) posits POc *palu, 'to pound' |
1 |
|
| 89 |
to hold
|
*taŋovi- |
|
14 |
|
| 89 |
to hold
|
*kolom |
*kokom (Blust 1993) (continuing PMP) v. tr. *kumi, kukumi- 'hold s.t.' |
1 |
|
| 69 |
to hunt
|
|
|
|
|
| 74 |
to kill |
*punuq |
(Blust 1993) |
1 |
|
| 20 |
to know, be knowledgeable |
*kila- |
|
18 |
|
| 20 |
to know, be knowledgeable |
*kilala |
|
18 |
|
| 33 |
to laugh |
*malip |
|
3 |
|
| 49 |
to lie down
|
*qeno |
|
1 |
|
| 76 |
to live, be alive |
*maqurip |
|
1, 76 |
|
| 92 |
to open, uncover |
|
|
|
|
| 84 |
to plant |
*tanom |
|
2 |
|
| 93 |
to pound, beat
|
*tuki |
|
2 |
|
| 64 |
to say |
*posa |
|
36 |
|
| 77 |
to scratch
|
*kadru(C) |
PAn *garuc (Tsuchida 1976) |
44 |
|
| 46 |
to see |
*kita |
|
1 |
|
| 67 |
to sew
|
*saqit |
|
2 |
|
| 70 |
to shoot
|
*pana |
|
1 |
|
| 51 |
to sit |
*nopo |
|
16 |
|
| 48 |
to sleep |
*maturu |
Two POc forms are well supported(continues PMP) |
1 |
|
| 29 |
to sniff, smell |
*ñami- |
|
41 |
|
| 36 |
to spit |
*qanu-si |
|
14, 84 |
|
| 80 |
to split
|
*pasi |
'split lengthwise' Several kinds of splitting are lexically, besides stative vs transitive uses of the same verb root. |
|
|
| 88 |
to squeeze
|
|
|
|
|
| 71 |
to stab, pierce |
*soka |
'to husk a coconut etc.' No one to one match. |
67 |
|
| 52 |
to stand |
*taqur |
|
2 |
|
| 73 |
to steal |
*panako |
|
1, 58 |
|
| 42 |
to suck |
*miji |
|
8 |
|
| 87 |
to swell
|
*puke |
|
10 |
|
| 9 |
to swim |
*kaʀu |
|
5 |
|
| 21 |
to think |
*ronrom |
(a)POc *ronrom (Blust 1993) (b)PROc nan(o,u)mi- ; Given the range of witnesses supporting (a), we can infer that the forms in set (b) reflect an irregular change *nd > n that occurred, perhaps more than once, in certain Vanuatu languages and in Central Pa |
13 |
|
| 94 |
to throw
|
|
|
|
|
| 66 |
to tie up, fasten |
*paqu-Ci |
Ci < POc paqu-Ci '(1) lash together, (2) construct (house, canoe)' |
11 |
|
| 8 |
to turn
|
|
|
|
|
| 35 |
to vomit |
*mumuta |
Two forms must be reconstructed for 'to vomit' in POc and PCP: *mumuta and *lua. *mumuta continues a PMP etymon. Rotuman has a contrast between mumufa 'to vomit spew' and lua 'to spit or cast out of the mouth'. Churchward (1941:253) comments |
1 |
|
| 35 |
to vomit |
*luaq |
|
8 |
|
| 5 |
to walk |
*pano |
Oceanic languages often lack a term that specifically refers to walking as a mode of locomotion. It makes more sense to try to reconstruct a verb or verbs meaning 'to go'. |
2 |
|
| 83 |
to work
|
*quma |
|
1 |
|
| 47 |
to yawn |
mawap |
|
19 |
|
| 32 |
tongue |
*maya |
|
7 |
|
| 32 |
tongue |
*mea |
|
7 |
|
| 31 |
tooth |
*nipon |
|
1 |
|
| 207 |
Twenty
|
|
|
|
|
| 198 |
Two
|
*rua |
|
1 |
|
| 138 |
warm
|
*mapanas |
|
1 |
|
| 122 |
water
|
*waiʀ |
'water, river' |
2 |
|
| 185 |
we
|
*kami |
|
2 |
|
| 141 |
wet |
*suʀu |
'juice, soup', No strong candidate for POc, PCP or PPn |
11 |
|
| 188 |
what?
|
*sapa |
|
1 |
|
| 188 |
what?
|
*saa |
|
1 |
|
| 170 |
when?
|
*ŋa-ijan |
|
1 |
|
| 181 |
where?
|
*pea |
|
3 |
|
| 148 |
white |
*purak |
|
3 |
|
| 189 |
who?
|
*sai |
|
1 |
|
| 159 |
wide |
*lapa |
(cf. POc *lapa 'big') |
48 |
|
| 58 |
wife |
|
|
|
|
| 136 |
wind |
*mataŋi |
(breeze) |
1, 66 |
|
| 100 |
wing |
*kapak |
|
1 |
|
| 55 |
woman/female |
*papine |
|
1, 106 |
|
| 127 |
woods/forest |
*wao |
'bush, forest, land that is uncultivated and uninhabited' |
14 |
|
| 107 |
worm (earthworm) |
*baya |
'earthworm, worm (generic)' |
16 |
|
| 169 |
year |
*taqun |
|
1 |
|
| 150 |
yellow |
*aŋo |
(-aŋo) 'yellow' |
9 |
|
| 186 |
you |
|
|
|
|
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