Language: Proto-Southwestern Tai
| Source/Author: | Nanna L. Jonsson |
|---|---|
| Identifiers: | ISO-639-3: Glottocode: wenm1239 |
| Notes: | Source: Jonsson, Nanna L. (1991) Proto Southwestern Tai. Ph.D dissertation, available from UMI and SEAlang.net on http://sealang.net/crcl/proto/ Also consulted: Li, Fang Kuei (1977) A Handbook of Comparative Tai. University of Hawai'i Press. PAN & PMP reconstructions, given for reference, are not necessarily potential cognates. They have been sourced from: Blust, R. (1999). Subgrouping, circularity and extinction: Some issues in Austronesian comparative linguistics. In Zeitoun, E., & Li, P. J-K., Selected Papers From the 8th International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics. Taipei, Taiwan: Academica Sinica. Proto-tones are represented as A, B, C, and D. D occurs in "dead syllables" (syllables with final stops), while A, B, and C are "live syllables" (syllables ending in vowels, semivowels, and nasals). In Li's system, 1 refers to proto-voiceless initial consonants, and 2 to proto-voiced initial consonants. For D1, S refers to proto-short vowels, and L to proto-long vowels. |
| Problems: | Where Nanna L. Jonsson does not provide any reconstructions, I have instead used Fang-Kuei Li's SW-Tai reconstructions. Li's tones differ markedly from those of Jonsson's. I have also checked proto-forms against Titima Suthiwan's list of loanwords in Thai/Siamese (Suthiwan, Titima. 2009. "Thai vocabulary" In: Haspelmath, Martin & Tadmor, Uri (eds.) World Loanword Database. Munich: Max Planck Digital Library, 2073 entries. http://wold.livingsources.org/vocabulary/23.) |
| Data Entry: | Typed By: Andrew C. Hsiu Checked By: |
| Statistics: |
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| Classification: | Tai-Kadai:Kam-Tai:Be-Tai:Tai-Sek:Tai:Southwestern |
| Map | Sorry, no map co-ordinates found for this language. |
Resources:
- Ethnologue/World Atlas of Language Structures Information is not available
Proto-Tai'o'Matic from SEAlang.net-
[Suggest a resource]
Change History:
Showing all of 3 entries
- Adding Resource - Simon Greenhill (2010-11-15 02:36:26)
- Updated Language Details - Simon Greenhill (2010-11-14 22:13:51)
- Language Added - Simon Greenhill (2010-11-14 22:12:41)
Entries:
| ID: | Word: | Item: | Annotation: | Cognacy: | Loan: |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 8 | to turn
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| 10 | dirty | |
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| 28 | to breathe | |
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| 40 | to drink | |
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| 52 | to stand | |
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| 69 | to hunt
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| 72 | to hit
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| 76 | to live, be alive | |
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| 82 | dull, blunt | |
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| 89 | to hold
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| 110 | spider | |
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| 124 | sea | |
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| 126 | lake | |
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| 141 | wet | |
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| 170 | when?
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| 173 | at | |
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| 174 | in, inside | |
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| 178 | that | |
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| 181 | where?
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| 188 | what?
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| 189 | who?
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| 192 | and | |
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| 193 | if | |
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| 194 | how?
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| 195 | no, not | |
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| 208 | Fifty
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| 5 | to walk | *Praay A1/ C1 | |||
| 11 | dust | *fun B1 | PMP *qabuk ? | ||
| 14 | belly | *buŋ A4 | (?) | ||
| 16 | intestines | *say C1 | *not* PAN *Cinaqi | ||
| 21 | to think | *git DS4 | |||
| 29 | to sniff, smell | *ʔdom A3 | |||
| 38 | to chew
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*hñam C1 | PMP *mamaq ? | ||
| 39 | to cook
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*hruŋ A4 | PAN *tanek ? | ||
| 62 | thatch/roof | *muŋ A4 | PAN *Cawali ? | ||
| 64 | to say | *wa B4 | PMP *kaʀi ? | ||
| 66 | to tie up, fasten | *Puk DL1 | |||
| 79 | stick/wood | *thu B1 | PAN *kaSiw ? | ||
| 83 | to work
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*het DS1 | |||
| 86 | to grow
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*ŋɔk DL4 | |||
| 87 | to swell
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*bɔŋ A4 | |||
| 88 | to squeeze
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*hriip DL1 | |||
| 92 | to open, uncover | *Xay A1 | Chinese ? | ||
| 94 | to throw
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*Xwaaŋ C1 | |||
| 98 | egg | *khray B1 | PAN *qiCeluʀ ? | ||
| 99 | feather | *Xon A1 | |||
| 121 | sand | *zaay A4 | PAN *qenay ? | ||
| 127 | woods/forest | *ʔdoŋ A3 | |||
| 131 | cloud
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*fa C1 | |||
| 134 | thunder | *phliə A1 | Fang-Kuei Li, PAN *deʀuŋ ? | ||
| 134 | thunder | *riə A1 | Fang-Kuei Li, PAN *deʀuŋ ? | ||
| 135 | lightning | *mlɛp DL4 | |||
| 137 | to blow
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*bat DS4 | |||
| 148 | white | *Xaaw A1 | |||
| 152 | small | *lekD2S | Fang-Kuei Li | ||
| 154 | short
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*lek D2S | Fang-Kuei Li | ||
| 154 | short
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*nɔɔi C2 | Fang-Kuei Li | ||
| 166 | correct, true | *mɛn C4 | PMP *ma-bener ? | ||
| 166 | correct, true | *man C4 | PMP *ma-bener ? | ||
| 171 | to hide
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*zɔŋ B4 | |||
| 172 | to climb
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*pin A4 | |||
| 184 | he/she | *man A4 | |||
| 185 | we
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*raw A4 | |||
| 187 | they | *khlau A1 | Fang-Kuei Li | ||
| 190 | other | *ʔɯn B3 | PAN *duma ? | ||
| 191 | all | *daŋ A4/C4 | PAN *amin ? | ||
| 197 | One
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*hnɯŋ | Tai form | ||
| 198 | Two
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*sɔŋ A1 | Tai form; PAN *duSa ? | ||
| 199 | Three
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*saam A1 | Middle Chinese: sam | ||
| 200 | Four
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*si B1 | Middle Chinese: si | ||
| 201 | Five
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*ha C1 | Old Chinese: ŋagx | ||
| 202 | Six
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*hrok DS1 | Middle Chinese: ljuk | ||
| 203 | Seven
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*cet DS2 | Middle Chinese: tshjet | ||
| 204 | Eight
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*pɛt DL2 | Middle Chinese: pat | ||
| 205 | Nine
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*kaw C2 | Middle Chinese: kjəu | ||
| 206 | Ten
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*sip DS1 | Middle Chinese: zjep | ||
| 207 | Twenty
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*zaaw A4 | North Siamese form | ||
| 209 | One Hundred
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*paak DL2 | Chinese | ||
| 210 | One Thousand
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*riŋ A4 | Chinese ? | ||
| 1 | hand | *mɯ A4 | PAN *(qa)lima ? | 1 | |
| 3 | right | *Xwa A1 | PAN *ka-wanaN ? | 1 | |
| 6 | road/path | *daaŋ A4 | PAN *zalan | 1 | |
| 7 | to come | *ma A4 | PMP *maʀi | 1 | |
| 9 | to swim | *hwaay C1 | PAN *Naŋuy ? | 1 | |
| 19 | shoulder | *ʔba B3 | PAN *qabaʀa ? | 1 | |
| 27 | nose | *ʔdaŋ C3 | PAN *mujiŋ / PMP *ijuŋ ? | 1 | |
| 30 | mouth | *paak DL2 | PMP *baqbaq ? | 1 | |
| 31 | tooth | *van A2 | Fang-Kuei Li; PAN *nipen ? | 1 | |
| 35 | to vomit | *raak DL4 | PAN *utaq ? | 1 | |
| 37 | to eat | *kin A2 | PAN *kaen | 1 | |
| 41 | to bite | *kat DS2 | PAN *kaʀat ? | 1 | |
| 45 | eye | *ta A2 | PAN *maCa | 1 | |
| 68 | needle | *Xem A1 | PAN *zaʀum or Chinese ? | 1 | |
| 68 | needle | *Xim A1 | PAN *zaʀum or Chinese ? | 1 | |
| 75 | to die, be dead | *taay A2 | PAN *m-aCay | 1 | |
| 77 | to scratch
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*kaw A2 | PAN *kaʀaw ? | 1 | |
| 78 | to cut, hack
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*tat DS2 | PAN *taʀaq ? | 1 | |
| 80 | to split
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*Prɛk DL1 | PMP *belaq ? | 1 | |
| 81 | sharp | *ɣom A3 | PAN *Cazem ? | 1 | |
| 97 | bird | *nokD2S | Fang-Kuei Li; PMP *manuk | 1 | |
| 108 | louse
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*hraw A1 | 1 | ||
| 122 | water
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*naam C2 | Fang-Kuei Li; PAN *daNum | 1 | |
| 129 | moon | *ʔblɯan A3 | PAN *bulaN | 1 | |
| 130 | star | *ʔdaaw A3 | 1 | ||
| 143 | fire | *vay A4 | PAN *Sapuy ? | 1 | |
| 147 | black | *ʔdam A3 | PMP *ma-qitem ? | 1 | |
| 161 | shy, ashamed | *ʔaay A3 | PAN *ma-Siaq ? | 1 | |
| 177 | this | *nii C2 | Fang-Kuei Li; PAN *i-ni | 1 | |
| 182 | I | *ku A1 | PAN *i-aku ? | 1 | |
| 182 | I | *kaw A1 | PAN *i-aku ? | 1 | |
| 183 | thou | *mɯŋ A4 | 1 | ||
| 183 | thou | *maɯ A4 | 1 | ||
| 186 | you | *su A1 | 1 | ||
| 144 | to burn
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*hmay C1 | 109 | ||
| 4 | leg/foot | *tin A2 | 12 | ||
| 160 | painful, sick | *khray C1 | feverish | 122 | |
| 84 | to plant | *pluuk DL2 | PAN *mula ? | 16 | |
| 47 | to yawn | *Xraaw A1 | PAN *ma-Suab ? | 17 | |
| 15 | bone | *ʔduuk DL3 | PAN *CuqelaN ? | 1? | |
| 125 | salt | *klɯa A2 | PAN *qasiʀa ? | 21 | |
| 116 | flower | *ʔblɔk DL3 | compare Tagalog "bulaklák" | 22 | |
| 117 | fruit | *hmaak DL1 | PAN *buaq ? | 24 | |
| 60 | father | *bɔ B4 | Universally common form | 26 | |
| 85 | to choose | *lɯak DL4 | PAN *piliq ? | 26 | |
| 93 | to pound, beat
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*tam A2 | 26 | ||
| 23 | blood | *lɯat DL4 | PAN *daʀaq ? | 28 | |
| 113 | branch
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*kiŋ B2 | 28 | ||
| 67 | to sew
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*hñep DS1 | 29 | ||
| 70 | to shoot
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*ʔnɯ | PAN *panaq ? | 29 | |
| 70 | to shoot
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*ñɯ A4 | PAN *panaq ? | 29 | |
| 120 | stone | *hrin A1 | 29 | ||
| 104 | fat/grease | *man A4 | PAN *Simaʀ / PMP *meñak ? | 2? | |
| 63 | name | *ǰɯ B4 | PAN *ŋajan ? | 30 | |
| 115 | root | *raak DL4 | PAN *ʀameC / PMP *uʀat ? | 31 | |
| 53 | person/human being | *gon A4 | 32 | ||
| 24 | head | *hrua A1 | PAN *qulu ? | 33 | |
| 44 | to hear | *ñin A4 | PAN *tumaNa / PMP *deŋeʀ ? | 33 | |
| 73 | to steal | *lak DS4 | PAN *Cakaw ? | 34 | |
| 112 | rotten
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*nau B2 | Fang-Kuei Li | 34 | |
| 163 | new | *hmaɯ B1 | PAN *ma-baqeʀu ? | 34 | |
| 175 | above | *hnɯa A1 | also means "north" | 34 | |
| 90 | to dig | *Xut DS1 | 36 | ||
| 32 | tongue | *lin C4 | PMP *dilaq ? + metathesis = 31 (unlikely) | 36? | |
| 17 | liver | *tap DS2 | PAN *qaCay ? | 37 | |
| 65 | rope | *ǰɯak DL4 | 37 | ||
| 91 | to buy | *zɯ C4 | PAN *beli / *baliw ? | 37 | |
| 133 | rain | *fon A1 | PAN *quzaN ? | 37 | |
| 74 | to kill | *Xa C1 | Chinese ? | 38 | |
| 42 | to suck | *ʔduut DL3 | 39 | ||
| 59 | mother | *mɛ B4 | Universally common form | 39 | |
| 156 | thin
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*ʔbaaŋ A3 | 39 | ||
| 18 | breast | *nom A2 | Fang-Kuei Li; PAN *nunu/*susu ? | 40 | |
| 168 | day | *wan A4 | PAN *qalejaw ? | 41 | |
| 56 | child | *ʔdek DS3 | PAN *aNak | 42 | |
| 142 | heavy | *hnak DS1 | 42 | ||
| 107 | worm (earthworm) | *hnɔn A1 | 43 | ||
| 123 | to flow | *hlay A1 | PAN *qaluʀ ? | 43 | |
| 146 | ash | *daw B4 | 43 | ||
| 22 | to fear | *klua A2 | 44 | ||
| 58 | wife | *mia A4 | 44 | ||
| 118 | grass | *hña C1 | PAN *Cemel ? | 44 | |
| 2 | left | *zaay C4 | PAN *ka-wiʀi ? | 46 | |
| 61 | house | *rɯan A4 | PAN *ʀumaq ? | 46 | |
| 158 | narrow | *gap DS4 | 46 | ||
| 26 | hair
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*Prom A1 | PAN *bukeS ? | 47 | |
| 157 | thick
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*hna A1 | 47 | ||
| 128 | sky | *va C4 | 48 | ||
| 57 | husband | *Pua A1 | PAN *bana ? | 49 | |
| 34 | to cry | *hay C1 | PAN *Caŋis ? | 50 | |
| 106 | snake | *ŋu A4 | 50 | ||
| 151 | green | *Xiaw A1 | PAN & PMP *mataq ? | 50 | |
| 151 | green | *khriaw A1 | PAN & PMP *mataq ? | 50 | |
| 176 | below | *taɯ A2 | also means "south" | 50? | |
| 167 | night | *ɣɯn A4 | PAN *beʀŋi ? | 51 | |
| 25 | neck | *ɣɔ A4 | 52 | ||
| 169 | year | *pi A1 | 52 | ||
| 196 | to count | *ʔaan B3 | compare Tagalog "bílaŋ" | 52 | |
| 105 | tail | *hraaŋ A1 | PAN *ikuʀ ? | 53 | |
| 132 | fog | *hmɔk DL1 | 53 | ||
| 101 | to fly | *ʔbin A3 | 54 | ||
| 145 | smoke
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*ɣwan A4 | 54 | ||
| 180 | far | *klay A2 | 54 | ||
| 54 | man/male | *ǰaay A4 | PAN *ma-ʀuqaNay / PMP *laki ? | 55 | |
| 100 | wing | *pik DL2 | PMP *kapak?? | 55 | |
| 12 | skin | *hnaŋ A1 | PAN *qaNiC ? | 56 | |
| 49 | to lie down
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*nɔɔn A2 | Fang-Kuei Li; same as "to sleep" | 56 | |
| 119 | earth/soil | *ʔdin A3 | PAN *daʀeq / PMP *tanaq ? | 56 | |
| 150 | yellow | *hlɯaŋ A1 | PMP *ma-kunij ? | 56 | |
| 165 | bad, evil | *raay C4 | PAN *kuya ? | 56 | |
| 20 | to know, be knowledgeable | *ru C4 | PAN *bajaq ? | 57 | |
| 109 | mosquito | *ñuŋ A4 | 58 | ||
| 102 | rat | *hnu A1 | 59 | ||
| 153 | big | *hñaɯ B1 | PAN *ma-ʀaya ? | 59 | |
| 55 | woman/female | *ñiŋ A4 | 60 | ||
| 103 | meat/flesh | *nɯə C2 | 60 | ||
| 96 | dog | *hma A1 | 61 | ||
| 71 | to stab, pierce | *dɛŋ A4 | 62 | ||
| 136 | wind | *lom A4 | PAN *bali ? | 63 | |
| 111 | fish | *pla A2 | 64 | ||
| 114 | leaf | *ʔbaɯ A3 | PAN *biʀaq ? | 64 | |
| 155 | long
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*jaaw A4 | 64 | ||
| 51 | to sit | *naŋ B2 | Fang-Kuei Li | 65 | |
| 155 | long
|
*ri A4 | 65 | ||
| 13 | back
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*hlaŋ A1 | PAN *likud ? | 66 | |
| 48 | to sleep | *nɔɔn A2 | Fang-Kuei Li | 66 | |
| 36 | to spit | *ɣaay A4 | PMP *luzaq ? | 67 | |
| 46 | to see | *han A1 | PAN *kita or Chinese ? | 67 | |
| 149 | red | *ʔdɛŋ A3 | PAN *ma-taNah / PMP *ma-iʀaq ? | 67 | |
| 138 | warm
|
*ʔun B3 | Chinese ? | 69 | |
| 33 | to laugh | *Xrua A1 | PAN *Cawa ? | 72 | |
| 139 | cold
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*hnaaw A1 | 72 | ||
| 179 | near | *klaɯ C2 | 72 | ||
| 159 | wide | *kwaaŋ C2 | Chinese ? | 74 | |
| 95 | to fall
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*tɔk DS2 | 76 | ||
| 140 | dry
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*hɛŋ C1 | PMP *ma-ʀaŋaw or Chinese ? | 79 | |
| 43 | ear | *hru A1 | PAN *Caliŋa ? | 8 | |
| 50 | to dream | *fan A1 | PAN *Sepi / PMP *hipi ? | 8 | |
| 164 | good | *ʔdi A3 | 87 | ||
| 162 | old
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*thaw C1 | PAN *ma-tuqaS ? | 94 |





