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Language: Proto-Southwestern Tai

Source/Author:  Nanna L. Jonsson 
Identifiers:  ISO-639-3:  Glottocode: wenm1239 
Notes:  Source: Jonsson, Nanna L. (1991) Proto Southwestern Tai. Ph.D dissertation, available from UMI and SEAlang.net on http://sealang.net/crcl/proto/

Also consulted: Li, Fang Kuei (1977) A Handbook of Comparative Tai. University of Hawai'i Press.

PAN & PMP reconstructions, given for reference, are not necessarily potential cognates. They have been sourced from: Blust, R. (1999). Subgrouping, circularity and extinction: Some issues in Austronesian comparative linguistics. In Zeitoun, E., & Li, P. J-K., Selected Papers From the 8th International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics. Taipei, Taiwan: Academica Sinica.

Proto-tones are represented as A, B, C, and D. D occurs in "dead syllables" (syllables with final stops), while A, B, and C are "live syllables" (syllables ending in vowels, semivowels, and nasals). In Li's system, 1 refers to proto-voiceless initial consonants, and 2 to proto-voiced initial consonants. For D1, S refers to proto-short vowels, and L to proto-long vowels. 
Problems:  Where Nanna L. Jonsson does not provide any reconstructions, I have instead used Fang-Kuei Li's SW-Tai reconstructions. Li's tones differ markedly from those of Jonsson's.

I have also checked proto-forms against Titima Suthiwan's list of loanwords in Thai/Siamese (Suthiwan, Titima. 2009. "Thai vocabulary" In: Haspelmath, Martin & Tadmor, Uri (eds.) World Loanword Database. Munich: Max Planck Digital Library, 2073 entries. http://wold.livingsources.org/vocabulary/23.) 
Data Entry:  Typed By: Andrew C. Hsiu  Checked By:  
Statistics: 
  • Total Data: 193
  • Number of Retentions:
  • Number of Loans: 0
 
Classification:  Tai-Kadai:Kam-Tai:Be-Tai:Tai-Sek:Tai:Southwestern 
Map  Sorry, no map co-ordinates found for this language. 

Resources:

Change History:

Showing 3 of 3 entries. Show ALL logged changes

Entries:

ID: Word: Item: Annotation: Cognacy: Loan:
8 to turn word info      
10 dirty      
28 to breathe      
40 to drink      
52 to stand      
69 to hunt word info      
72 to hit word info      
76 to live, be alive      
82 dull, blunt      
89 to hold word info      
110 spider      
124 sea      
126 lake      
141 wet      
170 when? word info      
173 at      
174 in, inside      
178 that      
181 where? word info      
188 what? word info      
189 who? word info      
192 and      
193 if      
194 how? word info      
195 no, not      
208 Fifty word info      
1 hand *mɯ A4 PAN *(qa)lima ? 1  
2 left *zaay C4 PAN *ka-wiʀi ? 46  
3 right *Xwa A1 PAN *ka-wanaN ? 1  
4 leg/foot *tin A2   12  
5 to walk *Praay A1/ C1      
6 road/path *daaŋ A4 PAN *zalan 1  
7 to come *ma A4 PMP *maʀi 1  
9 to swim *hwaay C1 PAN *Naŋuy ? 1  
11 dust *fun B1 PMP *qabuk ?    
12 skin *hnaŋ A1 PAN *qaNiC ? 56  
13 back word info *hlaŋ A1 PAN *likud ? 66  
14 belly *buŋ A4 (?)    
15 bone *ʔduuk DL3 PAN *CuqelaN ? 1?  
16 intestines *say C1 *not* PAN *Cinaqi    
17 liver *tap DS2 PAN *qaCay ? 37  
18 breast *nom A2 Fang-Kuei Li; PAN *nunu/*susu ? 40  
19 shoulder *ʔba B3 PAN *qabaʀa ? 1  
20 to know, be knowledgeable *ru C4 PAN *bajaq ? 57  
21 to think *git DS4      
22 to fear *klua A2   44  
23 blood *lɯat DL4 PAN *daʀaq ? 28  
24 head *hrua A1 PAN *qulu ? 33  
25 neck *ɣɔ A4   52  
26 hair word info *Prom A1 PAN *bukeS ? 47  
27 nose *ʔdaŋ C3 PAN *mujiŋ / PMP *ijuŋ ? 1  
29 to sniff, smell *ʔdom A3      
30 mouth *paak DL2 PMP *baqbaq ? 1  
31 tooth *van A2 Fang-Kuei Li; PAN *nipen ? 1  
32 tongue *lin C4 PMP *dilaq ? + metathesis = 31 (unlikely) 36?  
33 to laugh *Xrua A1 PAN *Cawa ? 72  
34 to cry *hay C1 PAN *Caŋis ? 50  
35 to vomit *raak DL4 PAN *utaq ? 1  
36 to spit *ɣaay A4 PMP *luzaq ? 67  
37 to eat *kin A2 PAN *kaen 1  
38 to chew word info *hñam C1 PMP *mamaq ?    
39 to cook word info *hruŋ A4 PAN *tanek ?    
41 to bite *kat DS2 PAN *kaʀat ? 1  
42 to suck *ʔduut DL3   39  
43 ear *hru A1 PAN *Caliŋa ? 8  
44 to hear *ñin A4 PAN *tumaNa / PMP *deŋeʀ ? 33  
45 eye *ta A2 PAN *maCa 1  
46 to see *han A1 PAN *kita or Chinese ? 67  
47 to yawn *Xraaw A1 PAN *ma-Suab ? 17  
48 to sleep *nɔɔn A2 Fang-Kuei Li 66  
49 to lie down word info *nɔɔn A2 Fang-Kuei Li; same as "to sleep" 56  
50 to dream *fan A1 PAN *Sepi / PMP *hipi ? 8  
51 to sit *naŋ B2 Fang-Kuei Li 65  
53 person/human being *gon A4   32  
54 man/male *ǰaay A4 PAN *ma-ʀuqaNay / PMP *laki ? 55  
55 woman/female *ñiŋ A4   60  
56 child *ʔdek DS3 PAN *aNak 42  
57 husband *Pua A1 PAN *bana ? 49  
58 wife *mia A4   44  
59 mother *mɛ B4 Universally common form 39  
60 father *bɔ B4 Universally common form 26  
61 house *rɯan A4 PAN *ʀumaq ? 46  
62 thatch/roof *muŋ A4 PAN *Cawali ?    
63 name *ǰɯ B4 PAN *ŋajan ? 30  
64 to say *wa B4 PMP *kaʀi ?    
65 rope *ǰɯak DL4   37  
66 to tie up, fasten *Puk DL1      
67 to sew word info *hñep DS1   29  
68 needle *Xem A1 PAN *zaʀum or Chinese ? 1  
68 needle *Xim A1 PAN *zaʀum or Chinese ? 1  
70 to shoot word info *ʔnɯ PAN *panaq ? 29  
70 to shoot word info *ñɯ A4 PAN *panaq ? 29  
71 to stab, pierce *dɛŋ A4   62  
73 to steal *lak DS4 PAN *Cakaw ? 34  
74 to kill *Xa C1 Chinese ? 38  
75 to die, be dead *taay A2 PAN *m-aCay 1  
77 to scratch word info *kaw A2 PAN *kaʀaw ? 1  
78 to cut, hack word info *tat DS2 PAN *taʀaq ? 1  
79 stick/wood *thu B1 PAN *kaSiw ?    
80 to split word info *Prɛk DL1 PMP *belaq ? 1  
81 sharp *ɣom A3 PAN *Cazem ? 1  
83 to work word info *het DS1      
84 to plant *pluuk DL2 PAN *mula ? 16  
85 to choose *lɯak DL4 PAN *piliq ? 26  
86 to grow word info *ŋɔk DL4      
87 to swell word info *bɔŋ A4      
88 to squeeze word info *hriip DL1      
90 to dig *Xut DS1   36  
91 to buy *zɯ C4 PAN *beli / *baliw ? 37  
92 to open, uncover *Xay A1 Chinese ?    
93 to pound, beat word info *tam A2   26  
94 to throw word info *Xwaaŋ C1      
95 to fall word info *tɔk DS2   76  
96 dog *hma A1   61  
97 bird *nokD2S Fang-Kuei Li; PMP *manuk 1  
98 egg *khray B1 PAN *qiCeluʀ ?    
99 feather *Xon A1      
100 wing *pik DL2 PMP *kapak?? 55  
101 to fly *ʔbin A3   54  
102 rat *hnu A1   59  
103 meat/flesh *nɯə C2   60  
104 fat/grease *man A4 PAN *Simaʀ / PMP *meñak ? 2?  
105 tail *hraaŋ A1 PAN *ikuʀ ? 53  
106 snake *ŋu A4   50  
107 worm (earthworm) *hnɔn A1   43  
108 louse word info *hraw A1   1  
109 mosquito *ñuŋ A4   58  
111 fish *pla A2   64  
112 rotten word info *nau B2 Fang-Kuei Li 34  
113 branch word info *kiŋ B2   28  
114 leaf *ʔbaɯ A3 PAN *biʀaq ? 64  
115 root *raak DL4 PAN *ʀameC / PMP *uʀat ? 31  
116 flower *ʔblɔk DL3 compare Tagalog "bulaklák" 22  
117 fruit *hmaak DL1 PAN *buaq ? 24  
118 grass *hña C1 PAN *Cemel ? 44  
119 earth/soil *ʔdin A3 PAN *daʀeq / PMP *tanaq ? 56  
120 stone *hrin A1   29  
121 sand *zaay A4 PAN *qenay ?    
122 water word info *naam C2 Fang-Kuei Li; PAN *daNum 1  
123 to flow *hlay A1 PAN *qaluʀ ? 43  
125 salt *klɯa A2 PAN *qasiʀa ? 21  
127 woods/forest *ʔdoŋ A3      
128 sky *va C4   48  
129 moon *ʔblɯan A3 PAN *bulaN 1  
130 star *ʔdaaw A3   1  
131 cloud word info *fa C1      
132 fog *hmɔk DL1   53  
133 rain *fon A1 PAN *quzaN ? 37  
134 thunder *phliə A1 Fang-Kuei Li, PAN *deʀuŋ ?    
134 thunder *riə A1 Fang-Kuei Li, PAN *deʀuŋ ?    
135 lightning *mlɛp DL4      
136 wind *lom A4 PAN *bali ? 63  
137 to blow word info *bat DS4      
138 warm word info *ʔun B3 Chinese ? 69  
139 cold word info *hnaaw A1   72  
140 dry word info *hɛŋ C1 PMP *ma-ʀaŋaw or Chinese ? 79  
142 heavy *hnak DS1   42  
143 fire *vay A4 PAN *Sapuy ? 1  
144 to burn word info *hmay C1   109  
145 smoke word info *ɣwan A4   54  
146 ash *daw B4   43  
147 black *ʔdam A3 PMP *ma-qitem ? 1  
148 white *Xaaw A1      
149 red *ʔdɛŋ A3 PAN *ma-taNah / PMP *ma-iʀaq ? 67  
150 yellow *hlɯaŋ A1 PMP *ma-kunij ? 56  
151 green *Xiaw A1 PAN & PMP *mataq ? 50  
151 green *khriaw A1 PAN & PMP *mataq ? 50  
152 small *lekD2S Fang-Kuei Li    
153 big *hñaɯ B1 PAN *ma-ʀaya ? 59  
154 short word info *lek D2S Fang-Kuei Li    
154 short word info *nɔɔi C2 Fang-Kuei Li    
155 long word info *jaaw A4   64  
155 long word info *ri A4   65  
156 thin word info *ʔbaaŋ A3   39  
157 thick word info *hna A1   47  
158 narrow *gap DS4   46  
159 wide *kwaaŋ C2 Chinese ? 74  
160 painful, sick *khray C1 feverish 122  
161 shy, ashamed *ʔaay A3 PAN *ma-Siaq ? 1  
162 old word info *thaw C1 PAN *ma-tuqaS ? 94  
163 new *hmaɯ B1 PAN *ma-baqeʀu ? 34  
164 good *ʔdi A3   87  
165 bad, evil *raay C4 PAN *kuya ? 56  
166 correct, true *mɛn C4 PMP *ma-bener ?    
166 correct, true *man C4 PMP *ma-bener ?    
167 night *ɣɯn A4 PAN *beʀŋi ? 51  
168 day *wan A4 PAN *qalejaw ? 41  
169 year *pi A1   52  
171 to hide word info *zɔŋ B4      
172 to climb word info *pin A4      
175 above *hnɯa A1 also means "north" 34  
176 below *taɯ A2 also means "south" 50?  
177 this *nii C2 Fang-Kuei Li; PAN *i-ni 1  
179 near *klaɯ C2   72  
180 far *klay A2   54  
182 I *ku A1 PAN *i-aku ? 1  
182 I *kaw A1 PAN *i-aku ? 1  
183 thou *mɯŋ A4   1  
183 thou *maɯ A4   1  
184 he/she *man A4      
185 we word info *raw A4      
186 you *su A1   1  
187 they *khlau A1 Fang-Kuei Li    
190 other *ʔɯn B3 PAN *duma ?    
191 all *daŋ A4/C4 PAN *amin ?    
196 to count *ʔaan B3 compare Tagalog "bílaŋ" 52  
197 One word info *hnɯŋ Tai form    
198 Two word info *sɔŋ A1 Tai form; PAN *duSa ?    
199 Three word info *saam A1 Middle Chinese: sam    
200 Four word info *si B1 Middle Chinese: si    
201 Five word info *ha C1 Old Chinese: ŋagx    
202 Six word info *hrok DS1 Middle Chinese: ljuk    
203 Seven word info *cet DS2 Middle Chinese: tshjet    
204 Eight word info *pɛt DL2 Middle Chinese: pat    
205 Nine word info *kaw C2 Middle Chinese: kjəu    
206 Ten word info *sip DS1 Middle Chinese: zjep    
207 Twenty word info *zaaw A4 North Siamese form    
209 One Hundred word info *paak DL2 Chinese    
210 One Thousand word info *riŋ A4 Chinese ?    

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