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Language: Proto-East Mindanao

Source/Author:  Andrew Gallman 
Identifiers:  ISO-639-3:  Glottocode:  
Notes:  Gallman, Andrew Franklin. 1997. Proto East Mindanao and its Internal Relationships. Philippine Journal of Linguistics, Special Monograph Issue No. 44. Manila, Philippines: Linguistic Society of the Philippines.

Apostrophes signify stress, not glottal stops. Proto-forms given in Gallman (1997) are often only reconstructed for lower-level branches.

PNEM = Proto-North East Mindanao (ancestral to Surigaonon, Tausug, Butuanon, Mamanwa)
PCEM = Proto-Central East Mindanao (ancestral to Kamayo, Davawenyo)
PSEM = Proto-South East Mindanao (ancestral to the Mansakan languages of Mansaka, Mandaya, Kalagan)
 
Data Entry:  Typed By: Andrew C. Hsiu  Checked By:  
Statistics:   
Classification:  Austronesian:Malayo-Polynesian:Philippine 
Map  Sorry, no map co-ordinates found for this language. 

Resources:

Change History:

Showing 3 of 6 entries. Show ALL logged changes

Entries:

ID: Word: Item: Annotation: Cognacy: Loan:
3 right      
7 to come      
53 person/human being      
64 to say      
70 to shoot word info      
72 to hit word info      
75 to die, be dead      
81 sharp      
83 to work word info      
103 meat/flesh      
109 mosquito      
112 rotten word info      
118 grass      
123 to flow      
132 fog      
138 warm word info      
157 thick word info      
158 narrow      
161 shy, ashamed      
166 correct, true      
167 night      
170 when? word info      
173 at      
177 this      
184 he/she      
187 they      
191 all      
192 and      
195 no, not      
206 Ten word info      
208 Fifty word info      
2 left *wala   25, 68  
5 to walk *panaw   2  
6 road/path *dalan   1  
9 to swim *laŋuy   1  
10 dirty *ripaq   143  
11 dust *abug      
13 back word info *likud   1  
15 bone *bɨ'kɨg   16  
16 intestines *tinaqi   1  
17 liver *atay   1  
18 breast *susu   1  
19 shoulder *abaga   1  
22 to fear *hadlɨk      
23 blood *duguq   1  
24 head *ulu   1  
25 neck *liqɨg   1  
26 hair word info *buhuk   1, 65  
27 nose *iruŋ   1  
30 mouth *baqbaq   1  
32 tongue *dilaq   4  
35 to vomit *suka   9  
39 to cook word info *lutuq   20  
40 to drink *inɨm   1, 56  
41 to bite *baŋaq   33  
42 to suck *sɨpsɨp   1  
43 ear *taliŋa   1  
44 to hear *dɨŋɨg   1  
45 eye *mata   1  
46 to see *kitaq   1  
48 to sleep *turug   1  
51 to sit *(l)iŋkud   45  
52 to stand *(t)indɨg   20  
54 man/male *ɨsɨg      
57 husband *bana   1  
58 wife *asawa   1  
59 mother *inaq   1, 76  
60 father *amaq   1, 18  
61 house *balay   14  
62 thatch/roof *a'tɨp   1  
63 name *ŋaran   1  
65 rope *lubid   21  
66 to tie up, fasten *bɨgkɨt   111  
66 to tie up, fasten *hɨkɨt   1  
67 to sew word info *tahiq   1  
68 needle *dagɨm   1, 34  
69 to hunt word info *anup   1  
71 to stab, pierce *duŋgab      
73 to steal *kawat   24  
74 to kill *patay   2  
74 to kill *bunuq   1  
77 to scratch word info *kalut   37, 78  
84 to plant *tanɨm   2  
85 to choose *piliq   1  
88 to squeeze word info *pisgaq      
91 to buy *bili   1  
91 to buy *palit   25  
92 to open, uncover *ukab   28  
93 to pound, beat word info *bayu   1  
93 to pound, beat word info *bunal   1  
94 to throw word info *timbag   34  
95 to fall word info *hulug      
96 dog *iduq   21  
98 egg *itlug   1  
99 feather *bulbul   1, 67  
99 feather *lawi   14  
102 rat *ambaw   38  
104 fat/grease *tabaq   23  
105 tail *ikug   1  
108 louse word info *kutu   1  
110 spider *lawaq   1  
111 fish *isdaq   18  
114 leaf *dahun   1  
115 root *gamut   3  
116 flower *bulak   22  
116 flower *burak   22  
117 fruit *buŋa   9  
119 earth/soil *lupaq   25  
120 stone *batu   1  
121 sand *buhaŋin   89  
122 water word info *tubig   14  
124 sea *dagat   25  
124 sea *lawɨd   6  
125 salt *a'sin   3  
126 lake *danaw   1  
127 woods/forest *guraŋan   58  
128 sky *laŋit   1  
129 moon *bulan   1  
130 star *bituqun   1  
131 cloud word info *gabun   1  
131 cloud word info *labun   1, 102  
133 rain *uran   1  
135 lightning *kilat   1  
137 to blow word info *huyup   1, 44  
141 wet *basaq   1  
142 heavy *bɨqgat   1, 63  
144 to burn word info *sunug   21  
146 ash *abu   1  
147 black *itɨm   1  
148 white *putiq   1  
149 red *pula   28  
150 yellow *dalag   38  
150 yellow *lalag   38  
153 big *dakulaq   22, 23  
155 long word info *habaq   27  
156 thin word info *nipis   1  
160 painful, sick *sakit   1  
163 new *baq'gu   1  
164 good *dayaw   46  
165 bad, evil *raqat   1  
168 day *adlaw   1  
169 year *tuqig   25  
171 to hide word info *taguq   13  
172 to climb word info *panik   1, 62  
174 in, inside *sɨlɨd   14  
176 below *dalɨm   20  
180 far *(ha)rayuq      
181 where? word info *haqin   1, 63  
182 I *aku   1, 5  
183 thou *ikaw   1  
185 we word info *kita   1, 50  
186 you *ka'mu   1, 38  
188 what? word info *unu   2, 65  
189 who? word info *siqnu   14  
193 if *kun   1, 11  
193 if *kuŋ   1, 11  
196 to count *bilaŋ   2  
197 One word info *isa   1  
198 Two word info *duha   1  
200 Four word info *upat   1  
201 Five word info *lima   1  
203 Seven word info *pitu   1  
209 One Hundred word info *gatus   4  
139 cold word info *tignaw cold (as of water)    
107 worm (earthworm) *wa'ti earthworm 1  
4 leg/foot *siki foot, lower leg 24  
56 child *anak offspring 1  
8 to turn word info *likuq PCEM 21  
34 to cry *tiyahuq PCEM    
55 woman/female *babayi PCEM 1, 105  
55 woman/female *bubayi PCEM 1, 105  
87 to swell word info *hubag PCEM 1, 72  
89 to hold word info *kaput PCEM 25  
179 near *rapit PCEM 36  
8 to turn word info *birik PCEM, PNEM 4, 75  
12 skin *panit PCEM, PNEM 2  
14 belly *tiyan PCEM, PNEM 1  
21 to think *isip PCEM, PNEM 23  
33 to laugh *katawa PCEM, PNEM 1  
47 to yawn *sigqab PCEM, PNEM    
71 to stab, pierce *tigbak PCEM, PNEM    
76 to live, be alive *buhiq PCEM, PNEM 14, 74  
86 to grow word info *tubuq PCEM, PNEM 1  
90 to dig *kabut PCEM, PNEM    
99 feather *barhibu PCEM, PNEM 21  
136 wind *haŋin PCEM, PNEM 1  
140 dry word info *tahay PCEM, PNEM 44  
154 short word info *hayupuq PCEM, PNEM    
178 that *iyan PCEM, PNEM 3  
190 other *laqin PCEM, PNEM 2  
196 to count *ihap PCEM, PNEM 2  
210 One Thousand word info *libu PCEM, PNEM 5  
20 to know, be knowledgeable *tigaw PCEM, PSEM    
31 tooth *untu PCEM, PSEM 52  
37 to eat *kaqan PCEM, PSEM 1  
97 bird *laŋgam PCEM, PSEM 72  
28 to breathe *-hawa PNEM 1  
29 to sniff, smell *simhut PNEM 31, 82  
35 to vomit *digwaq PNEM    
36 to spit *lɨdaq PNEM 1  
78 to cut, hack word info *tigbas PNEM 106  
82 dull, blunt *dɨmpɨr PNEM 3  
88 to squeeze word info *kɨpɨg PNEM    
101 to fly *lɨpad PNEM 21  
106 snake *halas PNEM 26  
134 thunder *dalugdug PNEM 2, 48  
151 green *hilaw PNEM 36  
152 small *gamay PNEM 29  
159 wide *luqag PNEM 62  
162 old word info *laqas PNEM 43  
169 year *tahɨn PNEM    
172 to climb word info *dalag PNEM    
194 how? word info *unuhun PNEM 29  
207 Twenty word info *ruhaq PNEM    
1 hand *ʔalima PNEM, PCEM. Reid reconstruction 1  
14 belly *dɨbdɨb PNEM, PSEM 101  
49 to lie down word info *kulaŋ PNEM, PSEM    
50 to dream *-inɨp PNEM, PSEM 30, 57  
80 to split word info *bɨlaq PNEM, PSEM    
100 wing *kapay PNEM, PSEM    
107 worm (earthworm) *ulud PNEM, PSEM 21  
113 branch word info *saŋa PNEM, PSEM 2  
181 where? word info *diqin PNEM, PSEM 1, 15  
199 Three word info *tulu PNEM, PSEM 1  
202 Six word info *ɨnɨm PNEM, PSEM 1  
204 Eight word info *walu PNEM, PSEM 3  
205 Nine word info *siyam PNEM, PSEM 9  
92 to open, uncover *bukas PSEM 1, 63  
143 fire *atulun PSEM 15  
145 smoke word info *ɨbɨl PSEM 1  
179 near *lapit PSEM 36  
106 snake *sawa python 25  
21 to think *dɨmdɨm thought, PNEM, PSEM 13  
22 to fear *talaw to be afraid to do something, PNEM, PSEM 34  
139 cold word info *hagkɨt to be cold, PNEM 119  
38 to chew word info *sɨpaq to chew something 17  
172 to climb word info *sa'ka to climb a hill, PCEM, PNEM 55  
41 to bite *kɨtkɨt to gnaw 21  
175 above *ba'baw top of, surface of 2  
79 stick/wood *kahuy tree 1  

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